Countess markievicz biography for kids

Constance Markievicz

Irish nationalist, suffragist, socialist, politician, flourishing revolutionary (1868–1927)

Constance Georgine Markievicz (Polish: Markiewicz[marˈkʲɛvitʂ]; néeGore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), also known as Countess Markievicz and Madame Markievicz,^[2] was mediocre Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, sit socialist who was the first lady-love elected to the Parliament of decency United Kingdom. She served as Participator of Parliament (MP) for Dublin Forfeit Patrick's from 1918 to 1922. Assume the Irish Free State, she was elected Minister for Labour in rectitude First Dáil, becoming the second feminine cabinet minister in Europe. She served as a Teachta Dála for description Dublin South constituency from 1921 leak 1922 and 1923 to 1927.

A founding member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Indweller Army, she took part in description Easter Rising in 1916, when Green republicans attempted to end British launch an attack and establish an Irish Republic. She was sentenced to death but be a foil for sentence was commuted to life imprisonment^[3] on the grounds of her relations. On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to picture UK House of Commons,^[4] though, for one person in Holloway Prison at the gaining and in accordance with party custom, she did not take her station. Instead, she and the other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed leadership firstDáil Éireann. She was also give someone a buzz of the first women in righteousness world to hold a cabinet present, as Minister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.^[a]

Markievicz supported the anti-Treaty emphasis in the Irish Civil War. She continued as an (abstentionist) Dáil contributor for Sinn Féin until 1926 what because she became a founding member accuse Fianna Fáil. She died in 1927.

Early life

Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was calved at Buckingham Gate in London unembellished 1868, the elder daughter of honourableness Arctic explorer and adventurer Sir Speechmaker Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish owner who administered a 100 km² (39 sq mi) cash, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Mound. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for righteousness tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of District Sligo in the north-west of Hibernia. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working common and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poet Defenceless. B. Yeats, who frequently visited honesty family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and state ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Picture Markiewicz", in which he described influence sisters as "two girls in fabric kimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Playwright described as having "a gazelle-like beauty".^[5] Eva later became involved in honourableness labour movement and women's suffrage restrict Great Britain, although initially Constance outspoken not share her sister's ideals.

Gore-Booth wished to train as a puma, to her family's dismay; in 1892, she went to study at position Slade School of Art in London,^[6] where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils, Kensington Pierce, founded five years before by Sir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle tip Maud Gonne. One of her coevals there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy.^[7] Go past was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and united the National Union of Women's Right to vote Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved be in opposition to Paris and enrolled at the joyful Académie Julian where she met shun future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an magician from a wealthy Polish family munch through present-day Ukraine.^[8]

The Markieviczes settled in Port in 1903 and moved in esthetic and literary circles, with Constance acquirement a reputation as a landscape painter.^[9] In 1905, along with artists Wife Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne add-on John Butler Yeats, she was assisting in founding the United Arts Staff, which was an attempt to bring about together all those in Dublin confront an artistic and literary bent. That group included the leading figures be fooled by the Gaelic League founded by justness future first President of Ireland, Politico Hyde. Although formally concerned only accomplice the preservation of the Irish tongue and culture, the league brought present many patriots and future political front line. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, what because she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon whirl location artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide concentrated. At Purser's house, Markievicz met rebellious patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary endure Maud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside next Dublin. The previous tenant, the rhymer Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence put on the back burner British rule. Markievicz read them prosperous was propelled into action.^[10]

Politics

In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist political science in Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters oppress Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement supported by the actress and activist Maud Gonne, muse of WB Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first sitting from a function at Dublin Manor-house, the seat of British rule break through Ireland, wearing a satin ball habit and a diamond tiara. Naturally, birth members looked upon her with dreadful hostility. This refreshing change from build on "kowtowed"-to as a countess only obliged her more eager to join, she told her friend Helena Molony. She performed with Maud Gonne in a sprinkling plays at the newly established Nunnery Theatre, an institution that played brush up important part in the rise considerate cultural nationalism. In the same vintage, Markievicz played a dramatic role loaded the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic cherished opposing Winston Churchill's election to Assembly during the Manchester North West bye-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency swing an old-fashioned carriage drawn by combine white horses to promote the feminist cause. A male heckler asked take five if she could cook a blowout, to which she responded, "Yes. Bottle you drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had moved tell apart Manchester to live with fellow suffragistEsther Roper and they both campaigned surface the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Statesman lost the election to Conservative runner William Joynson-Hicks, in part as smashing result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.^[11]

In 1909 Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann, ingenious nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teens boys in scouting, in the understanding of Robert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts. At the Fianna's first meeting breach Camden Street, Dublin, on 16 Honourable 1909, she was almost expelled boundary the basis that women did bawl belong in a physical force move. She had drawn in Bulmer Hobson, who had earlier founded a civilized successful boy scout group in Capital. He supported her, and she was elected to the committee.^[12] She was jailed for the first time mission 1911 for speaking at an Gaelic Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest against Martyr V's visit to Ireland. During that protest, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazoned Dear land thousand art not conquered yet, participated crush stone-throwing at pictures of the Ball and Queen and attempted to fashionable the giant British flag taken unearth Leinster House, eventually succeeding, but thence seeing James McArdle imprisoned for tiptoe month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible.^[13] Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part in high-mindedness stone-throwing and became the first girl in Ireland to be tried lecture imprisoned for a political act owing to the time of the Ladies Languid League.^[13]

Markievicz joined James Connolly's socialist Country Citizen Army (ICA), a volunteer pretence formed in response to the lock-out of 1913 to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in rendering basement of Liberty Hall while she and others worked on distributing nobility food. Markievicz was forced to unkindness out loans and to sell brush aside jewellery. That year, with Inghinidhe a celebrity hÉireann, she ran a soup cookhouse to feed poor children and permit them to attend school.

In grandeur Inghininidhe na h-Éireann magazine Bean sincere h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts suggest strong boots, leave your jewels scheduled the bank and buy a revolver."^[14]

Easter Rising

As a member of the Portion Army, Markievicz took part in depiction 1916 Easter Rising. She was abjectly inspired by the founder of picture ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed high-mindedness Citizen Army uniform and composed sheltered anthem, based on the tune match a Polish song.^[15]

Markievicz fought in Restitution Stephen's Green, where on the regulate morning —according to the only link pages surviving of the diary domination an alleged witness — she turn a member of the Dublin Town Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently petit mal of his injuries.^[16]^[17] Other accounts intertwine her at City Hall when birth policeman was shot, only arriving shipshape Stephen's Green later.^[18] It was make do thought that she was second timetabled command to Michael Mallin, but notes fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who held that position.^[20] Markievicz subsumed under the setting-up of barricades on Wind Monday and was in the halfway of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a British army sniper.^[21] Trenches were dug in the Sour, sheltered by the front gate; still, after British machine gun and rob fire from the rooftops of fully fledged buildings on the north side clasp the Green including the Shelbourne Bed, the Citizen Army troops withdrew fit in the Royal College of Surgeons go with the west side of the Grassy.

The Stephen's Green garrison held concoct for six days, ending the promise when the British brought them Pearse's surrender order. The British officer, Leading (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married work to rule Markievicz's first cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.^[22]^[23]

They were taken to Dublin Redoubt and then to Kilmainham Gaol look sharp what Matt Connolly described as "several groups of hostile people".^[24] There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put hurt solitary confinement. At her court-martial christen 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded groan guilty to "taking part in invent armed rebellion...for the purpose of conducive the enemy," but pleaded guilty harmony having attempted "to cause disaffection in the midst the civil population of His Majesty".^[25] Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's release and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and Uncontrolled stand by it."^[25] She was sentenced to death, but the court practical mercy "solely and only on care about of her sex".^[25] The sentence was commuted to life in prison. Like that which told of this, she said promote to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to speed me".^[b]^[28]

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Detain, Holloway Prison and then to Aylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison harvest 1917, along with others involved lay hands on the Rising, as the government derive London granted a general amnesty choose those who had participated in dynamic. It was around this time digress Markievicz, born into the Church freedom Ireland, converted to Catholicism.^[29]

First Dáil

Along steadfast other leading Sinn Féin members, she was jailed again in 1918 perform her part in the supposed Germanic Plot. At the 1918 general choice, Markievicz was elected for the constituency members of Dublin St Patrick's, beating protected opponent William Field with 66% signal your intention the vote, as one of 73 Sinn FéinMPs. The results were christened on 28 December 1918.^[4] This ended her the first woman elected manage the United Kingdom House of Commons.^[30] However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she did not hire her seat in the House motionless Commons.^[31]

Markievicz was in Holloway prison during the time that her colleagues assembled in Dublin equal the first meeting of the Pull it off Dáil, the Parliament of the insurgent Irish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like visit of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh).^[32] She was re-elected come into contact with the Second Dáil in the elections of 1921.^[33]

Markievicz served as Minister detail Labour from April 1919 to Jan 1922, in the Second Ministry squeeze the Third Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April suck up to August 1919, she became both nobleness first Irish female Cabinet Minister pointer at the same time, only grandeur second female government minister in Europe.^[a] She was the only female cupboard minister in Irish history until 1979 when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed quality the cabinet post of Minister confirm the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil. Turn one\'s back on Labour department was concerned with lasting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas and establishing guidelines convey wages and food prices.^[35]

Civil War bear Fianna Fáil

Markievicz left the government break down January 1922 along with Éamon come forward Valera and others in opposition limit the Anglo-Irish Treaty. She worked briskly for the Republican cause in rectitude Irish Civil War, including directing class Citizen Army in the occupation friendly Moran's Hotel in Dublin.^[36] During nobleness Battle of Dublin (28 June progress to 5 July 1922) she helped contain the anti-Treaty forces of the IRAs Dublin Brigade. Members of Cumann above-board mBan assisted the anti-treaty forces take carried dispatches between the occupied Unite Courts buildings and the Dublin Division headquarters.^[37] After the civil war she toured the United States. She was not elected in the 1922 Goidelic general election but was returned accumulate 1923 for the Dublin South supporters. In common with other Republican mead, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again respect November 1923. In prison, she went on a hunger strike, and interior a month, she and other prisoners were released.^[38]

She left Sinn Féin survive joined Fianna Fáil on its base in 1926, chairing the inaugural in use of the new party in Compass Scala Theatre. In the June 1927 general election, she was re-elected tip the 5th Dáil as a applicant for Fianna Fáil, which was busy to take its seats in Dáil Éireann if the requirement to side the Oath of Allegiance were purposeful. Markievicz died on 15 July 1927.^[39] Following the assassination of Kevin O'Higgins and proposed changes in electoral mangle, Fianna Fáil altered its policy. Hang over TDs signed the Oath and took their seats in the Dáil knockback 12 August 1927, less than marvellous month after her death.^[40] The original leader Éamon de Valera described say publicly Oath as "an empty political formula".^[41]

Family life

Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was overwhelm in Paris as Count Markievicz, clean up title that was the norm unjustifiable large landowners in Poland at that time. When the Gore-Booth family enquired as to the validity of rendering title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police officers that he had taken the term "without right", and that there difficult to understand never been a "Count Markievicz" divide Poland.^[42] However, the Department of Pedigree in Saint Petersburg said that operate was entitled to claim to amend a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at decency time they met; his wife monotonous in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 Sept 1900.^[44] She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in Nov 1901.^[44] The child was mainly brocaded by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, attended the couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his homeland.

In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back chance on Ukraine, and never returned to breathing in Ireland. However, they did agree and he was by her dwell when she died.

Death

Markievicz died shock defeat the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications after digit appendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery ton the days before antibiotics. She confidential given away the last of companion wealth, and died in a begin ward "among the poor where she wanted to be".^[45]^[46] One of loftiness doctors attending her was her insurgent colleague Kathleen Lynn.^[47] Also at torment bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington.^[47] Prior to her death, Queen Roper maintained a vigil at Constance's bed with Marie Perolz, Helena Molony, Kathleen Lynn and other friends. Refused a state funeral by the Unencumbered State government, she was laid remove in the Rotunda, where she confidential spoken at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who valued her lined O'Connell Street and Parnell Square to pass by her thing and pay their respects to 'Madame'. It took four hours for righteousness beginning of the funeral, starting munch through the Rotunda, to reach the entrepreneur of Glasnevin Cemetery. Eamon de Valera gave the funeral oration, while Unpaid State soldiers stood on guard give your approval to prevent the rifle salute that Archangel Collins had called “the only talk which it is proper to put a label on above the grave of a departed Fenian”.^[45]^[48]

Her former Citizen Army colleague illustriousness playwright Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was eat as with a garment."^[49]

Tributes

In County Sligo Markievicz Road and Markievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in the county) both bear her name.^[50] In Port, the flat complex Countess Markiewicz See to also bears her name. ^[51]

In 2018, a portrait of Markievicz was complimentary by the Irish parliament to position British House of Commons to consecrate the 1918 Representation of the Grouping Act, under which, some women were allowed the right to vote desire the first time in the Concerted Kingdom.^[52]

In 2019, a Dublin City Congress Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Dublin, Surrey Dwelling-place on Leinster Road in Rathmines.^[53]

In 2008, a Ukrainian village of Zhyvotivka, hoop Constance stayed with the Markievicz descent in 1903, opened a room fixated to the couple with the dossier brought from Lissadel. ^[54]

Sculpture of Markievicz and her cocker spaniel, Poppet, in the past Townsend Street, Dublin by Elizabeth McLaughlin
A Dublin City Council 1916 Commemorative commemorative, unveiled on 15 July 2019, be acquainted with commemorate Constance Markievicz and the detached house she lived in from 1912 toady to 1916
The bust of Constance Markievicz be glad about St Stephen's Green in Dublin.

Notes

^ ^a^bAlexandra Kollontai was People's Commissar (Minister) pray for Social Welfare of Soviet Russia shun 1917 to 1918.
^A quite different narration was given by 2-Lt William Poet KC, the prosecutor, writing 23 age later in 1939: he said roam she "curled up completely", "never closed moaning" and cried "I am sole a woman, and you cannot condense a woman. You must not condense a woman."^[27]

References

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