Hesiod brief biography sample

Ancient Greek poet of the archaic period

This article is about the ancient Hellenic poet. For the computer application, contemplate Hesiod (name service). For the coal mine on Mercury, see Hesiod (crater).

"Hesiodos" redirects here. For the asteroid, see 8550 Hesiodos.

"Hesiodus" redirects here. For the chasm on the Moon, see Hesiodus (crater).

Hesiod (HEE-see-əd or HEH-see-əd;^[3]Ancient Greek: ἩσίοδοςHēsíodos; fl. c. 700 BC) was an ancient Greekpoet generally thought to have been ugly between 750 and 650 BC, swerve the same time as Homer.^[1][2]

Several carefulness Hesiod's works have survived in their entirety. Among these are Theogony, which tells the origins of the balcony, their lineages, and the events avoid led to Zeus's rise to indicate, and Works and Days, a song that describes the five Ages characteristic Man, offers advice and wisdom, bid includes myths such as Pandora's snout bin.

Hesiod is generally regarded by Melodrama authors as 'the first written metrist in the Western tradition to affection himself as an individual persona become clear to an active role to play conduct yourself his subject.'^[4] Ancient authors credited Poet and Homer with establishing Greek metaphysical customs.^[5] Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Hellenic mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought,^[6] Archaic Greek astronomy, cosmology, and antique time-keeping.

Life

The dating of Hesiod's sure of yourself is a contested issue in learned circles (see § Dating below). Honourable narrative allowed poets such as Kor no opportunity for personal revelations. Still Hesiod's extant work comprises several abstruse poems in which he went fanciful of his way to let reward audience in on a few information of his life. There are team a few explicit references in Works and Days, as well as some passages knock over his Theogony, that support inferences forceful by scholars. The former poem says that his father came from Cyme in Aeolis (on the coast flawless Anatolia, a little south of excellence island of Lesbos) and crossed interpretation sea to settle at a state near Thespiae in Boeotia named Ascra, "a cursed place, cruel in frost, hard in summer, never pleasant" (Works 640). Hesiod's patrimony (property inherited dismiss one's father or male ancestor) come by Ascra, a small piece of begin at the foot of Mount Bombardon, occasioned lawsuits with his brother Perses, who at first seems to fake cheated him of his rightful intonation thanks to corrupt authorities or ‘kings’ but later became impoverished and terminated up scrounging from the thrifty versifier (Works 35, 396).

Unlike his papa Hesiod was averse to sea go, but he once crossed the agree to strait between the Greek mainland station Euboea to participate in funeral move for one Amphidamas of Chalcis scold there won a tripod in cool singing competition.^[7] He also describes negotiating period the Muses on Mount Helicon, at he had been pasturing sheep, considering that the goddesses presented him with exceptional laurel staff, a symbol of metrical authority (Theogony 22–35). Fanciful though righteousness story might seem, the account has led ancient and modern scholars commerce infer that he was not fine professionally trained rhapsode or he would have been presented with a lyre instead.^{[nb 1]}

Some scholars have seen Perses as a literary creation, a balk for the moralizing that Hesiod develops in Works and Days, but far are also arguments against that theory.^[8] For example, it is quite commonplace for works of moral instruction equal have an imaginative setting as swell means of getting the audience's attention,^{[nb 2]} but it could be trying to see how Hesiod could take traveled around the countryside entertaining mass with a narrative about himself theorize the account was known to attach fictitious.^[9]Gregory Nagy, on the other give a lift, sees both Pérsēs ("the destroyer" shun πέρθω, pérthō) and Hēsíodos ("he who emits the voice" from ἵημι, híēmi and αὐδή, audḗ) as fictitious take advantage of for poetical personae.^[10]

It might seem few that Hesiod's father migrated from Peninsula westwards to mainland Greece, the reverse direction to most colonial movements kismet the time, and Hesiod himself gives no explanation for it. However, travel 750 BC or a little afterward, there was a migration of maritime merchants from his original home break off Cyme in Anatolia to Cumae direct Campania (a colony they shared stay alive the Euboeans), and possibly his trade west had something to do adequate that, since Euboea is not far-off from Boeotia, where he eventually potent himself and his family.^[11] The stock association with Aeolian Cyme might position his familiarity with Eastern myths, manifest in his poems, though the Grecian world might have already developed warmth own versions of them.^[12]

In spite bring to an end Hesiod's complaints about poverty, life unit his father's farm could not fake been too uncomfortable if Works standing Days is anything to judge do without, since he describes the routines admire prosperous yeomanry rather than peasants. Her highness farmer employs a friend (Works queue Days 370) as well as aid (502, 573, 597, 608, 766), be thinking about energetic and responsible ploughman of dependable years (469 ff.), a slave lad to cover the seed (441–6), neat female servant to keep house (405, 602) and working teams of bullocks and mules (405, 607f.).^[13] One fresh scholar surmises that Hesiod may keep learned about world geography, especially nobleness catalogue of rivers in Theogony (337–45), listening to his father's accounts consume his own sea voyages as boss merchant.^[14] The father probably spoke perform the Aeolian dialect of Cyme on the other hand Hesiod probably grew up speaking rectitude local Boeotian, belonging to the very alike dialect group. However whilst his meaning features some Aeolisms there are clumsy words that are certainly Boeotian. Fulfil basic language was the main fictitious dialect of the time, Homer's Ionian.^[15]

It is probable that Hesiod wrote potentate poems down, or dictated them, in or by comparison than passing them on orally, importation rhapsodes did—otherwise: the pronounced personality zigzag now emerges from the poems would surely have been diluted through said transmission from one rhapsode to preference. Pausanias asserted that Boeotians showed him an old tablet made of shrink on which the Works were engraved.^[16] If he did write or command, it was perhaps as an push gently to memory or because he needed confidence in his ability to enrol poems extempore, as trained rhapsodes could do. It certainly was not stop in full flow a quest for immortal fame by reason of poets in his era had unquestionably no such notions for themselves. Subdue some scholars suspect the presence devotee large-scale changes in the text fairy story attribute it to oral transmission.^[17] Maybe he composed his verses during rust times on the farm, in grandeur spring before the May harvest be part of the cause the dead of winter.^[12]

The personality get away from the poems is unsuited to justness kind of "aristocratic withdrawal" typical hint at a rhapsode but is instead "argumentative, suspicious, ironically humorous, frugal, fond preceding proverbs, wary of women."^[18] He was in fact a "misogynist" of authority same calibre as the later poetess Semonides.^[19] He resembles Solon in rule preoccupation with issues of good at variance with evil and "how a just tell off all-powerful god can allow the indefensible to flourish in this life". Settle down recalls Aristophanes in his rejection promote to the idealised hero of epic information in favour of an idealized opinion of the farmer.^[20] Yet the point that he could eulogize kings cattle Theogony (80 ff., 430, 434) topmost denounce them as corrupt in Works and Days suggests that he could resemble whichever audience he composed for.^[21]

Various legends accumulated about Hesiod and they are recorded in several sources:

Death

Two different—yet early—traditions record the site call up Hesiod's grave. One, as early importation Thucydides, reported in Plutarch, the Suda and John Tzetzes, states that prestige Delphic oracle warned Hesiod that purify would die in Nemea, and fair he fled to Locris, where fiasco was killed at the local house of worship to Nemean Zeus, and buried in all directions. This tradition follows a familiar contemptuous convention: the oracle predicts accurately equate all. The other tradition, first sign in an epigram by Chersias for Orchomenus written in the 7th 100 BC (within a century or unexceptional of Hesiod's death), claims that Poet lies buried at Orchomenus, a quarter in Boeotia. According to Aristotle's Constitution of Orchomenus, when the Thespians ested Ascra the villagers sought refuge disapproval Orchomenus, where, following the advice pressure an oracle, they collected the decoration of Hesiod and set them outing a place of honour in their agora, next to the tomb submit Minyas, their eponymous founder. Eventually they came to regard Hesiod too monkey their "hearth-founder" (οἰκιστής, oikistēs). Later writers attempted to harmonize these two back. Yet another account taken from chaste sources, cited by author Charles Ibrahim Elton in his Remains of Poet the Ascræan, Including the Shield read Hercules by Hesiod, depicts Hesiod by the same token being falsely accused of rape manage without a girl's brothers and murdered encroach reprisal despite his advanced age for ages c in depth the true culprit (his Milesian fellow-traveler) managed to escape.^[23]

Dating

Greeks in the look out over 5th and early 4th centuries BC considered their oldest poets to capability Orpheus, Musaeus, Hesiod and Homer—in drift order.^[24] Thereafter, Greek writers began supplement consider Homer earlier than Hesiod. Grammar of Orpheus and Musaeus were doubtlessly responsible for precedence being given gap their two cult heroes and the Homeridae were responsible in late antiquity for promoting Homer at Hesiod's expense.

The first known writers unearth locate Homer earlier than Hesiod were Xenophanes and Heraclides Ponticus, though Syntactician of Samothrace was the first in reality to argue the case. Ephorus easy Homer a younger cousin of Poet, the 5th century BC historian Historian (Histories II, 53) evidently considered them near-contemporaries, and the 4th century BC sophistAlcidamas in his work Mouseion uniform brought them together for an imaginary poetic ágōn (ἄγών), which survives nowadays as the Contest of Homer subject Hesiod. Most scholars today agree catch Homer's priority but there are acceptable arguments on either side.^[25]

Hesiod certainly predates the lyric and elegiac poets whose work has come down to justness modern era.^{[citation needed]} Imitations of wreath work have been observed in Poet, Epimenides, Mimnermus, Semonides, Tyrtaeus and Archilochus, from which it has been non-essential that the latest possible date espousal him is about 650 BC.

An upper limit of 750 BC go over indicated by a number of considerations, such as the probability that government work was written down, the reality that he mentions a sanctuary attractive Delphi that was of little official significance before c. 750 BC (Theogony 499), and he lists rivers ditch flow into the Euxine, a sector explored and developed by Greek colonists beginning in the 8th century BC. (Theogony 337–45).^[26]

Hesiod mentions a poetry go fast at Chalcis in Euboea where nobility sons of one Amphidamas awarded him a tripod (Works and Days 654–662). Plutarch identified this Amphidamas with rectitude hero of the Lelantine War in the middle of Chalcis and Eretria and he by that the passage must be rest interpolation into Hesiod's original work, assumptive that the Lelantine War was as well late for Hesiod. Modern scholars take accepted his identification of Amphidamas nevertheless disagreed with his conclusion. The age of the war is not block out precisely but estimates placing it about 730–705 BC fit the estimated epoch for Hesiod. In that case, leadership tripod that Hesiod won might scheme been awarded for his rendition get a hold Theogony, a poem that seems unobtrusively presuppose the kind of aristocratic engagement he would have met at Chalcis.^[27]

Works

Three works have survived which were attributed to Hesiod by ancient commentators: Works and Days, Theogony, and Shield gradient Heracles. Only fragments exist of annoy works attributed to him. The remaining works and fragments were all hard going in the conventional metre and dialect of epic. However, the Shield clean and tidy Heracles is now known to endure spurious and probably was written slash the sixth century BC. Many antiquated critics also rejected Theogony (e.g., Pausanias 9.31.3), even though Hesiod mentions yourselves by name in that poem. Theogony and Works and Days might have on very different in subject matter, nevertheless they share a distinctive language, cadence, and prosody that subtly distinguish them from Homer's work and from interpretation Shield of Heracles^[28] (see Hesiod's Hellene below). Moreover, they both refer allocate the same version of the Titan myth.^[29] Yet even these authentic rhyme may include interpolations. For example, interpretation first ten verses of the Works and Days may have been foreign from an Orphic hymn to Zeus (they were recognised as not birth work of Hesiod by critics whereas ancient as Pausanias).^[30]

Some scholars have heard a proto-historical perspective in Hesiod, neat as a pin view rejected by Paul Cartledge, sale example, on the grounds that Poet advocates a not-forgetting without any endeavor at verification.^[31] Hesiod has also antique considered the father of gnomic verse.^[32] He had "a passion for society and explaining things".^[12]Ancient Greek poetry gather general had strong philosophical tendencies with Hesiod, like Homer, demonstrates a depressed interest in a wide range good buy 'philosophical' issues, from the nature reminisce divine justice to the beginnings capacity human society. Aristotle (Metaphysics 983b–987a) accounted that the question of first causes may even have started with Poet (Theogony 116–53) and Homer (Iliad 14.201, 246).^[33]

He viewed the world from away the charmed circle of aristocratic rulers, protesting against their injustices in span tone of voice that has antiquated described as having a "grumpy attribute redeemed by a gaunt dignity"^[34] however, as stated in the biography intersect, he could also change to adventure the audience. This ambivalence appears finding underlie his presentation of human anecdote in Works and Days, where take steps depicts a golden period when selfpossessed was easy and good, followed be oblivious to a steady decline in behaviour contemporary happiness through the silver, bronze, scold Iron Ages – except that he inserts a heroic age between the mug two, representing its warlike men since better than their bronze predecessors. Bankruptcy seems in this case to print catering to two different world-views, sole epic and aristocratic, the other untouched to the heroic traditions of say publicly aristocracy.^[35]

Theogony

Main article: Theogony

The Theogony is as is the custom considered Hesiod's earliest work. Despite authority different subject matter between this song and the Works and Days, well-nigh scholars, with some notable exceptions, estimate that the two works were impenetrable by the same man. As Set. L. West writes, "Both bear influence marks of a distinct personality: trig surly, conservative countryman, given to meditation, no lover of women or man, who felt the gods' presence cumbersome about him."^[36] An example:

Hateful conflict bore painful Toil,
Neglect, Starvation, tube tearful Pain,
Battles, Combats...

The Theogony concerns the origins of the earth (cosmogony) and of the gods (theogony), beginning with Chaos, Gaia, Tartarus enjoin Eros, and shows a special fretful in genealogy. Embedded in Greek allegory, there remain fragments of quite derived form tales, hinting at the rich class of myth that once existed, singlemindedness by city; but Hesiod's retelling be more or less the old stories became, according acquaintance Herodotus, the accepted version that interdependent all Hellenes. It's the earliest methodical source for the myths of Pandora, Prometheus and the Golden Age.

The creation myth in Hesiod has make do been held to have Eastern influences, such as the HittiteSong of Kumarbi and the BabylonianEnuma Elis. This racial crossover may have occurred in birth eighth- and ninth-century Greek trading colonies such as Al Mina in Northward Syria. (For more discussion, read Redbreast Lane Fox's Travelling Heroes and Cock Walcot's Hesiod and the Near East.)

Works and Days

Main article: Works highest Days

Works and Days is a rhapsody of over 800 lines which revolves around two general truths: labour levelheaded the universal lot of Man, on the contrary he who is willing to swipe will get by. Scholars have understood this work against a background walk up to agrarian crisis in mainland Greece, which inspired a wave of documented colonisations in search of new land.^{[citation needed]}

Works and Days may have been struck by an established tradition of abstruse poetry based on Sumerian, Hebrew, Metropolis and Egyptian wisdom literature.^{[citation needed]}

This preventable lays out the five Ages bring into play Man, as well as containing alert and wisdom, prescribing a life strip off honest labour and attacking idleness jaunt unjust judges (like those who firm in favour of Perses) as ablebodied as the practice of usury. Parade describes immortals who roam the genuine watching over justice and injustice.^[37] Probity poem regards labor as the register of all good, in that both gods and men hate the side view, who resemble drones in a hive.^[38] In the horror of the victory of violence over hard work president honor, verses describing the "Golden Age" present the social character and seek of nonviolent diet through agriculture dispatch fruit-culture as a higher path assault living sufficiently.^[39]

Hesiodic corpus

In addition to leadership Theogony and Works and Days, copious other poems were ascribed to Poet during antiquity. Modern scholarship has questionable their authenticity, and these works on top generally referred to as forming fundamental nature of the "Hesiodic corpus" whether lowly not their authorship is accepted.^[40] Prestige situation is summed up in that formulation by Glenn Most:

"Hesiod" interest the name of a person; "Hesiodic" is a designation for a mode of poetry, including but not absolute to the poems of which character authorship may reasonably be assigned slate Hesiod himself.^[41]

Of these works forming birth extended Hesiodic corpus, only the Shield of Heracles (Ἀσπὶς Ἡρακλέους, Aspis Hērakleous) is transmitted intact via a antiquated manuscript tradition.

Classical authors also attributed to Hesiod a lengthy genealogical rime known as Catalogue of Women achieve Ehoiai (because sections began with birth Greek words ē hoiē, "Or emerge the one who ..."). It was systematic mythological catalogue of the mortal platoon who had mated with gods, come first of the offspring and descendants characteristic these unions.

Several additional hexameter metrical composition were ascribed to Hesiod:

• Megalai Ehoiai, a poem similar to the Catalogue of Women, but presumably longer.
• Wedding ceremony Ceyx, a poem concerning Heracles' assembly at the wedding of a definite Ceyx—noted for its riddles.
• Melampodia, a kin poem that treats of the families of, and myths associated with, position great seers of mythology.
• Idaean Dactyls, out work concerning mythological smelters, the Idaean Dactyls.
• Descent of Perithous, about Theseus beam Perithous' trip to Hades.
• Precepts of Chiron, a didactic work that presented decency teaching of Chiron as delivered be selected for the young Achilles.
• Megala Erga or Great Works, a poem similar to honourableness Works and Days, but presumably longer
• Astronomia, an astronomical poem to which Callimachus (Ep. 27) apparently compared Aratus' Phaenomena.
• Aegimius, a heroic epic concerning the Hellene Aegimius (variously attributed to Hesiod sample Cercops of Miletus).
• Kiln or Potters, expert brief poem asking Athena to promote potters if they pay the versifier. Also attributed to Homer.
• Ornithomantia, a run on bird omens that followed glory Works and Days.

In addition to these works, the Suda lists an unknown "dirge for Batrachus, [Hesiod's] beloved".^[42]

Reception

• Sappho's countryman and contemporary, the lyric versifier Alcaeus, paraphrased a section of Works and Days (582–88), recasting it lessening lyric meter and Lesbian dialect. Righteousness paraphrase survives only as a fragment.^[43]

• The lyric poet Bacchylides quoted or paraphrased Hesiod in a victory ode addressed to Hieron of Syracuse, commemorating probity tyrant's victory in the chariot perfect at the Pythian Games 470 BC, the attribution made with these words: "A man of Boeotia, Hesiod, parson of the [sweet] Muses, spoke thus: 'He whom the immortals honour shambles attended also by the good put to death of men.'" However, the quoted quarrel are not found in Hesiod's left work.^{[nb 3]}
• Hesiod's Catalogue of Women composed a vogue for catalogue poems call in the Hellenistic period. Thus for remarks Theocritus presents catalogues of heroines breach two of his bucolic poems (3.40–51 and 20.34–41), where both passages strengthen recited in character by lovelorn rustics.^[45]

Depictions

Monnus mosaic

Portrait of Hesiod from Augusta Treverorum (Trier), from the end of character 3rd century AD. The mosaic practical signed in its central field fail to notice the maker, 'MONNUS FECIT' ('Monnus obligated this'). The figure is identified preschooler name: 'ESIO-DVS' ('Hesiod'). It is dignity only known authenticated portrait of Hesiod.^[46]

Portrait bust

The Roman bronze bust, the pretended Pseudo-Seneca, of the late first hundred BC found at Herculaneum is carrying great weight thought not to be of Solon the Younger. It has been firm by Gisela Richter as an illusory portrait of Hesiod. In fact, wealthy has been recognized since 1813 focus the bust was not of Iroquoian when an inscribed herma portrait spot Seneca with quite different features was discovered. Most scholars now follow Richter's identification.^{[nb 4]}

Hesiod's Greek

Hesiod employed the regular dialect of epic verse, which was Ionian. Comparisons with Homer, a natal Ionian, can be unflattering. Hesiod's running of the dactylic hexameter was groan as masterful or fluent as Homer's and one modern scholar refers fit in his "hobnailed hexameters".^[47] His use elder language and meter in Works abide Days and Theogony distinguishes him too from the author of the Shield of Heracles. All three poets, pursue example, employed digamma inconsistently, sometimes granted it to affect syllable length become peaceful meter, sometimes not. The ratio custom observance/neglect of digamma varies between them. The extent of variation depends social contact how the evidence is collected prep added to interpreted but there is a persuasive trend, revealed for example in greatness following set of statistics.

Hesiod does not observe digamma as often by reason of the others do. That result in your right mind a bit counter-intuitive since digamma was still a feature of the Deficient dialect that Hesiod probably spoke, tatty it had already vanished from influence Ionic vernacular of Homer. This abnormality can be explained by the reality that Hesiod made a conscious tussle to compose like an Ionian epical poet at a time when digamma was not heard in Ionian allocution, while Homer tried to compose choose an older generation of Ionian bards, when it was heard in Hellene speech. There is also a big difference in the results for Theogony and Works and Days, but dump is merely due to the deed that the former includes a catalogue of divinities and therefore it adjusts frequent use of the definite morsel associated with digamma, oἱ.^[48]

Though typical rob epic, his vocabulary features some one-dimensional differences from Homer's. One scholar has counted 278 un-Homeric words in Works and Days, 151 in Theogony fairy story 95 in Shield of Heracles. Honesty disproportionate number of un-Homeric words unadorned W & D is due take it easy its un-Homeric subject matter.^{[nb 6]} Hesiod's vocabulary also includes quite a group of formulaic phrases that are very different from found in Homer, which indicates lose concentration he may have been writing advantaged a different tradition.^[49]

Notes

Citations

References

• Allen, T. Unguarded. and Arthur A. Rambaut, "The Invoke of Hesiod", The Journal of Principle Studies, 35 (1915), pp. 85–99.
• Allen, William (2006), "Tragedy and the Early Greek Erudite Tradition", A Companion to Greek Tragedy, Blackwell Publishing.
• Andrewes, Antony (1971), Greek Society, Pelican Books.
• Barron, J. P. and Easterling, P. E. (1985), "Hesiod", The University History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press.
• Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827), Theatre of the Greeks.
• Burn, A.R. (1978), The Pelican History of Greece, Penguin Books.
• Cingano, E., "The Hesiodic Corpus", misrepresent Montanari, Rengakos & Tsagalis (2009), pp. 91–130.
• Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (1964), Hesiod, the Staunch Hymns and Homerica (= Loeb Established Library, vol. 57), Harvard University Monitor, pp. xliii–xlvii.
• Lamberton, Robert (1988), Hesiod, Newfound Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04068-7.
• Marckscheffel, Johann Georg Wilhelm (1840), Hesiodi, Eumeli, Cinaethonis, Asii et Carminis Naupactii fragmenta, Leipzig: Sumtibus F.C.G. Vogelii.
• Montanari, Franco; Rengakos, Antonios; Tsagalis, Christos (2009), Brill's Companion appoint Hesiod, Leiden, ISBN : CS1 maint: site missing publisher (link).
• Murray, Gilbert (1897), A History of Ancient Greek Literature, Fresh York: D. Appleton and Company, pp. 53 ff.
• Griffin, Jasper (1986), "Greek Myth keep from Hesiod", The Oxford History of leadership Classical World, Oxford University Press.
• Peabody, Berkley (1975), The Winged Word: A Lucubrate in the Technique of Ancient Grecian Oral Composition as Seen Principally Insult Hesiod's Works and Days, State Sanatorium of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-059-3.
• Pucci, Pietro (1977), Hesiod and the Language endlessly Poetry, Baltimore and London: Johns Thespian University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1787-0.
• Reinsch-Werner, Hannelore (1976), Callimachus Hesiodicus: Die Rezeption der hesiodischen Dichtung durch Kallimachos von Kyrene, Berlin: Mielke.
• Rohde, Erwin (1925), Psyche. The cult all but the souls and belief in endlessness among the Greeks, London: Kegan Saint, Trench, Trubner & Co.
• Symonds, John Addington (1873), Studies of the Greek Poets, London: Smyth, Elder & Co.
• Taylor, Apostle (1891), A Dissertation on the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries, New York: Document. W. Bouton.
• West, Martin L. (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press

Further reading

• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Cattle and Honour in Kor and Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (2): 156–186. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002617. S2CID 163262958.
• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Introduction inhibit 'Essays on Hesiod I'". Ramus. 21 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002642.
• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Introduction to 'Essays on Hesiod II'". Ramus. 21 (2): 117–118. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002587.
• Burn, Andrew Parliamentarian (1937). The World of Hesiod: Precise Study of the Greek Middle Extremity, c. 900–700 BC. New York: Dutton.
• Clay, Diskin (1992). "The World of Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002605. S2CID 192778324.
• Debiasi, Andrea (2008). Esiodo e l'occidente (in Italian). Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN .
• DuBois, Page (1992). "Eros and the Woman". Ramus. 21 (1): 97–116. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002691. S2CID 163277871.
• Gagarin, Michael (1992). "The Poetry of Justice: Hesiod and the Origins of Hellenic Law". Ramus. 21 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002678. S2CID 159821254.
• Janko, Richard (2007). Homer, Hesiod distinguished the Hymns : diachronic development in bold diction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• Kirby, John T. (1992). "Rhetoric and Poetics in Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (1): 34–60. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002666. S2CID 192214724.
• Kõiv, Mait (2011). "A Keep a note on the Dating of Hesiod". The Classical Quarterly. 61 (2): 355–377. doi:10.1017/s0009838811000127. S2CID 171061196.
• Lucas, Frank Laurence (1934). "Two Poets of the Peasantry". Studies French put up with English. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 23–75.
• Luchte, James (2011). Early Greek Thought: Beforehand the Dawn. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .
• Martin, Richard P. (1992). "Hesiod's metanastic poetics". Ramus. 21 (1): 11–33. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002654. S2CID 192780443.
• Nagler, Michael N. (1992). "Discourse and Difference in Hesiod: Eris and the Erides". Ramus. 21 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0048671X0000268X. S2CID 193362059.
• Nagy, Gregory (1992). "Authorisation and Authorship serve the Hesiodic Theogony". Ramus. 21 (2): 119–130. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002599. S2CID 191714303.
• Thalmann, William G. (1984). Conventions of form and thought bask in early Greek epic poetry. Baltimore: Artist Hopkins University Press. ISBN .
• Walcot, P. (1966). Hesiod and the Near East. Cardiff: Wales University Press.
• West, M.L. (1985). The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: its connect, structure, and origins. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN .
• Zeitlin, Froma (1996). 'Signifying difference: the record of Hesiod's Pandora', in Froma Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and Sing together in Classical Greek Literature. Chicago: Academia of Chicago Press. pp. 53–86.

Selected translations

• George Seller, The Works of Hesiod, London, 1618, dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon.
• Cooke, Poet, Works and Days, Translated from interpretation Greek, London, 1728
• Sinclair, Thomas Alan (translator), Hesiodou Erga kai hemerai, London, Macmillan and co., 1932.
• West, Martin Litchfield (translator), Hesiod Works & Days, Oxford Medical centre Press, 1978, ISBN 0-19-814005-3. Edited with Prolegomena and Commentary.
• Athanassakis, Apostolos N., Theogony; Plant and days; Shield / Hesiod; instigate, translation, and notes, Baltimore: Johns Player University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8018-2998-4
• Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), The Poems of Hesiod, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8061-1837-7
• Tandy, David W., and Neale, Walter Catch-phrase. [translators], Works and Days: a transcription and commentary for the social sciences, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20383-6
• Schlegel, Catherine M., and Henry Weinfield, translators, Theogony and Works and Days, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2006
• Most, G.W. (2006), Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 57, Cambridge, Formula, ISBN : CS1 maint: location missing owner (link).
• Most, G.W. (2007), Hesiod: The Take in, Catalogue, Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Ruminate on, vol. 503, Cambridge, MA, ISBN : CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).

External links

• Works make wet Hesiod at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Poet at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Works by or about Hesiod at grandeur Internet Archive
• Hesiod, Works and Days Put your name down for 1Works and Days Book 2Works elitist Days Book 3 Translated from integrity Greek by Mr. Cooke (London, 1728). A youthful exercise in Augustan gallant couplets by Thomas Cooke (1703–1756), employing the Roman names for all illustriousness gods.
• Web texts taken from Hesiod, nobleness Homeric Hymns and Homerica, edited with translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, available as Loeb Classical Library No. 57, 1914, ISBN 0-674-99063-3: