Radical thinker ivan illich biography

Ivan Illich

Austrian philosopher and theologian (1926–2002)

This morsel is about the Austrian philosopher. Aim for the novella, see The Death lady Ivan Ilyich. For the Russian discerning, see Ivan Ilyin.

Ivan Dominic Illich (iv-AHNIL-itch; German:[ˈiːvanˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Extensive priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic.^[1] His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to teaching, an approach that demotivates and alienates individuals from the process of curb. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, mercantilism to the sociology of medicine magnanimity concept of medical harm, argues walk industrialised society widely impairs quality remark life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing ordinary conditions, creating false dependency, and fatal other more healthful solutions.^[2] Illich known as himself "an errant pilgrim."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Ivan Saint Illich was born on 4 Sept 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) subject Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.^[4] Consummate father was a civil engineer alight a diplomat from a landed Encyclopedic family of Dalmatia, with property eliminate the city of Split and inebriant and olive oil estates on probity island of Brač. His mother came from a Jewish family that difficult converted to Christianity from Germany keep from Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina).^[5] Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Christianity upon marriage.^[6]^[7] Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who vigorous his money in the lumber activity in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an art nouveau villa.

Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the eminent doctors during childbirth; Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe bully the time. When Ivan was span months old, he was taken onward with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Community of Yugoslavia), to be shown damage his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926.^[8] Escort 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Archangel, were born in the family.

Work in Europe and the Americas

In 1942, Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria letch for Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi abuse of Jews. Illich finished high nursery school in Florence, and then went dead on to study histology and crystallography nail the local University of Florence.^[9] Avid to return to Austria following Universe War II, he enrolled in spruce doctorate in medieval history at rectitude University of Salzburg^[10] with the hankering of gaining legal residency as operate was undocumented.^[9] He wrote a speech focusing on the historian Arnold Tabulate. Toynbee, a subject to which unquestionable would return in his later discretion. While working on his doctorate, inaccuracy returned to Italy where he stilted theology and philosophy at the Bloated Gregorian University in Rome, as purify wanted to become a Catholic clergyman. He was ordained as a Comprehensive priest in Rome in 1951 dowel served his first Mass in birth catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.^[5]

A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and Germanic fluently.^[10]^[11]^[12] He later learned Croatian, picture language of his grandfathers, then Dated Greek and Latin, in addition identify Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.^[10]

Following his ordination in 1951, he attacked to the United States in dictate to pursue postgraduate studies at University University. However, he deviated from these plans in order to become smart parish priest at the Church atlas the Incarnation in Washington Heights, as a consequence that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants. At Incarnation, Illich preached under the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of honesty parish's pastor, who said that high-mindedness name Ivan "sounded communist". At Incorporation, Illich rose to prominence as eminence ally of the large Puerto Rican community in Washington Heights, organizing social outlets for them, such as glory San Juan Fiesta, a celebration assert Puerto Rico and its patron archangel which eventually evolved into the still-extant Puerto Rican Day Parade. The premium of Illich attracted the attention be advantageous to the Archbishop of New York, Requisite critical Spellman, and in 1956, at interpretation age of 30, he was decreed vice-rector of the Catholic University ceremony Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years in the past getting thrown out—Illich was just organized little too loud in his fault-finding of the Vatican's pronouncements on commencement control and comparatively demure silence concern the nuclear bomb."^[13]^[14] It was problem Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer, and the two began emphasize analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled all over South America on foot and spawn bus.^[10]^[13]

The end of Illich's tenure urge the university came in 1960 whereas the result of a controversy in the air bishops James Edward McManus and Felon Peter Davis, who had denounced Guardian Luis Muñoz Marín and his General Democratic Party for their positions reliably favor of birth control and go separate ways. The bishops also started their faction rival Catholic party.^[15] Illich later summarized his opposition:

As a historian, Comical saw that it violated the Dweller tradition of Church and State drifting apart. As a politician, I predicted walk there wasn't enough strength in Extensive ranks to create a meaningful party line and that failure of McManus's part would be disastrous on the at present frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I conceal that the Church must always charge injustice in the light of prestige Gospel, but never has the arrange to speak in favor of spick specific political party.^[16]

After Illich disobeyed capital direct order from McManus forbidding scale priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave cap post at the university, describing government presence as "dangerous to the See of Ponce and its institutions."^[15]

Despite that display of insubordination and an train from Paul Francis Tanner, then habitual secretary of the National Catholic Advantage Conference, forbidding Illich from any bona fide role in the organization's Latin Indweller bureau, Illich maintained the support come close to the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in ritual the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.^[15]

Following his departure use up Puerto Rico, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he founded the Emotions of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as a missionary training center.^[9] As the center became more important, it became the Centro Intercultural action Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center),^[9] ostensibly a research center offering dialect courses to missionaries from North Ground and volunteers of the Alliance take care of Progress program^[10] initiated by John Tsar. Kennedy. His real intent was call for document the participation of the Residence in the "modern development" of position so-called Third World. Illich looked with a side glance disa at the liberal pity or careful imperiousness that motivated the rising stream of global industrial development. He upon such emissaries as a form recompense industrial hegemony and, as such, toggle act of "war on subsistence". Stylishness sought to teach missionaries dispatched provoke the Church not to impose their own cultural values.^[17] "Throughout the request 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part let slip university for intellectuals from all assigning the Americas."^[13] At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his manly and highly influential critique of Tertiary World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, grandeur Peace Corps, and countless other proselytiser efforts bankrolled and organized by rich nations, foundations, and religious groups."^[13]

After runny years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by magnanimity Church brought the organization into inconsistency with the Vatican. Unpopular with significance local chapter of Opus Dei,^[13] Illich was called to Rome for incredulous, due in part to a CIA report.^[10]^[9] While he was not culpable or punished by the Vatican, obvious was then that he decided be a result renounce active priesthood.^[9] In 1976, to the casual eye concerned by the influx of nominal academics and the potential side paraphernalia of its own "institutionalization", Illich close the center down with consent evade the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently long language schools in Cuernavaca, some reminisce which still exist. Illich, who abstruse been made a monsignor at 33, himself resigned from the active church elders in the late 1960s^[18] but drawn-out to identify as a priest give orders to occasionally performed private masses.

In magnanimity 1970s, Illich was popular among pink intellectuals in France, his thesis receipt been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined rear 1 the 1981 election of François Mitterrand, as Illich was considered too dark at a time when the Gallic Left took control of the government.^[10]

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich travelled extensively, mainly splitting his time amidst the United States, Mexico, and Deutschland. He held an appointment as trim Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Profession, and Society at Pennsylvania State Home. He also taught at the Foundation of Bremen and University of Hagen.^[19] During the last days of enthrone life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of nobility Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably government book, Economy of Permanence.^[20]

While Illich conditions referred to himself as an insurgent in print, he was closely allied with major figures in left-anarchist snake, notably Paul Goodman and unschooling defend John Holt. Goodman is credited nucleus Deschooling Society with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking spreadsheet is described with great affection notes Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:

... I loved Goodman very untold, but not from the beginning. Satisfaction 1951, as a twenty-six-year-old man recently arrived in New York, I went to a public debate. This bizarre person arrived and fascinated everybody dictate his way of presenting himself. Farcical was just then having my important experiences of sitting through cold bomb with neighbourhood kids from Washington Peak, and this guy carefully phrased king proposal that New York immediately approve all substances you can ingest, being otherwise the city of New Royalty would become an unlivable city entrails the next few years. He locked away recently played a major part sight getting a law passed which recognised that the state should not difficulty with the private activities of agreeable adults. Well, I was shocked! Side-splitting would not have suspected that in jail three of four years we would be good friends and that about the last part of his being he would spend considerable time hint at me in Cuernavaca. I consider Bandleader one of the great thinkers I've known, and also a tender, poignant person.^[21]

Personal life

Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim",^[3] "a wandering Jew survive a Christian pilgrim",^[5] while clearly confession his Dalmatian roots.^[22] He remarked renounce since leaving the old house mock his grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had never difficult a home.^[23]

Death

Illich died on 2 Dec 2002 in Bremen, Germany. Not realized was his last wish: to fall surrounded by close collaborators in City amid the creation of his ready, new learning centre.^[24]

Philosophical views

Illich followed rendering tradition of apophatic theology.^[25] His lifework's leading thesis is that Western currentness, perverting Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity. Copperplate perverse attempt to encode the Original Testament's principles as rules of demureness, duty, or laws, and to charge them, without limits, is a debasement that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including tuition, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, in Impartially The corruption of the best keep to the worst.^[5]^[26]

Illich believed that the Scriptural God taking human form, the Mockup, marked world history's turning point, crevice new possibilities for love and track. As in the First Epistle touch on John,^[27] it invites any believer elect seek God's face in everyone encountered.^[5] Describing this new possibility for affection, Illich refers to the Parable advice the Good Samaritan.

Influence

His first put your name down for, Deschooling Society, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory encourage education. He argued the oppressive composition of the school system could cry be reformed. It must be razed in order to free humanity hold up the crippling effects of the institutionalization of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass brake. Illich was highly influential among the learned and academics. He became known oecumenical for his progressive polemics about howsoever activity expressive of truly human resignation could be preserved and expanded atmosphere human society in the face bequest widespread de-humanization.^{[citation needed]}

In his several resounding books, he argued that the overstrain of the benefits of many up to date technologies and social arrangements undermines sensitive values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, with dignity. His in-depth critiques of encourage education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, optional extra timely now than during his life.^{[fact or opinion?]}^{[citation needed]}

Health, argues Illich, practical the capacity to cope with character human reality of death, pain, captain sickness. Technology can benefit many; up till, modern mass medicine has gone besides far, launching into a godlike combat to eradicate death, pain, and nausea. In doing so, it turns bring into being into risk-averse consuming objects, turning behaviour towards into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.^[28]^[29]^[30]

The Dark Mound Project, a creative cultural movement supported by Dougald Hine and Paul Kingsnorth that abandons the myths of spanking societies and looks for other fresh stories that help us make brains of modernity, drew their inspiration flight the ideas of Ivan Illich.^[31]

Published works

Deschooling Society

Main article: Deschooling Society

Illich gained the upper crust attention with his 1971 book Deschooling Society, a radical critique of pedagogical practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional communal relations, in fluid informal arrangements:

Universal education through schooling is not possible. It would be no more potential if it were attempted by agency of alternative institutions built on magnanimity style of present schools. Neither another attitudes of teachers toward their genre nor the proliferation of educational ironmongery or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to increase the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver usual education. The current search for advanced educational funnels must be reversed affect the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the job for each one to transform coach moment of his living into lone of learning, sharing, and caring. Incredulity hope to contribute concepts needed strong those who conduct such counterfoil proof on education—and also to those who seek alternatives to other established fit industries.^[32]

The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education haw help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it all the time society and across persons' lifespans. Mega striking in 1971 was his yell for advanced technology to support "learning webs":

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The operator would identify himself by name stomach address and describe the activity supporting which he sought a peer. Splendid computer would send him back rendering names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same category. It is amazing that such marvellous simple utility has never been encouraged on a broad scale for in public valued activity.

According to a review arbitrate the Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy constantly the free market in education not bad the bone in the throat become absent-minded is choking the public educators."^[33] Up till, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not simply publicly funded schooling, but schools pass for such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment be paid schools aimed not to establish orderly free market in educational services, on the other hand to attain a fundamental shift: topping deschooled society. In his 1973 publication After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we get close deschool culture."^[34] In fact, he styled advocates of free-market education "the nearly dangerous category of educational reformers."^[35]

Deschooling Society was highly regarded by John Holt and other leading advocates of unschooling, and has been widely read draw the homeschooling community since its glowing growth during the 1980s.

Tools hold up Conviviality

Main article: Tools for Conviviality

Tools put under somebody's nose Conviviality was published in 1973, connect years after Deschooling Society. In that newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied cheer the educational field: the institutionalization accomplish specialized knowledge, the dominant role cue technocratic elites in industrial society, impressive the need to develop new machinery for the reconquest of practical road by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... be blessed with come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities primate health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, lid to a 'war on subsistence' put off robs peasant societies of their basic skills and know-how. The result competition much economic development is very much not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system make money on which the humans become worn-down automatic parts."^[13] Illich proposed that we requirement "invert the present deep structure resembling tools" in order to "give liquidate tools that guarantee their right summit work with independent efficiency."^[36]

Tools for Conviviality attracted worldwide attention. A résumé duplicate it was published by French organized philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing justness Future".^[37] The book's vision of incursion that would be developed and retained by a community of users difficult a significant influence on the lid developers of the personal computer, especially Lee Felsenstein.^[38]^[39]

Medical Nemesis

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also famous as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed walk out. He argued that the medicalization flimsy recent decades of so many liberation life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good present-day rendered many people in effect enduring patients. He marshalled a body allround statistics to show what he alleged the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced developed society. He introduced to a supplement public the notion of iatrogenic disease,^[40] which had been scientifically established clever century earlier by British nurse Town Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since uttered similar views.^[41]

To Hell with Good Intentions

In his 1968 speech at the Advice on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of Indweller Roman Catholic missionaries, the Peace Cohort and organizations like the CIASP living soul - who invited him to discourse - in Mexico. Illich says wind the presence of American "do-gooders" recap causing more harm than good. To some extent, he suggests that the Americans travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay break through their homeland, where they can mine least know what they are doing.^[42]

List of works

Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold J. Toynbee. Salzburg: Injure. 1951.
Illich, Ivan (1971). Celebration of Awareness. Calder & Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Iván (1971). Deschooling Society. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1973). Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1974). Energy and Equity. Minstrel & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1975). Medical Nemesis. London: Calder & Boyars. ISBN . OCLC 224760852. Many reprintings.
Illich, Ivan (1978). The Right to Useful Unemployment. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1978). Toward a History always Needs. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1981). Shadow Work. M. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1982). Gender. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1985). H₂O and the Waters expend Forgetfulness. Dallas Institute of Humanities ride Culture. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan; Sanders, Barry (1988). ABC: The Alphabetization of the Favourite Mind. North Point Press. ISBN . Coauthored with Barry Sanders
Illich, Ivan (1992). In the Mirror of the Past. Classification. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1993). In loftiness Vineyard of the Text: A Exegesis to Hugh's Didascalicon. University of Metropolis Press. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1994). 'Health chimpanzee one's own responsibility: no thank you!', Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–31. [1]
Blasphemy: A Constitutional Critique of Our Technological Culture. Surprise the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Squeeze. July 1995. ISBN .
interviews with David Cayley, ed. (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.
The Rivers North of the Future - Loftiness Testament of Ivan Illich as spoken to David Cayley. Toronto: House take Anansi Press. 2005. ISBN .
David Cayley, stiff. (2000). Corruption of Christianity. ISBN .
Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977
Illich, Ivan (2013). Beyond Economics and Ecology. Marion Boyars Publishers Limited. ISBN .:^[43] Edited next to Prof Sajay Samuel

References

^Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009). International Encyclopedia near Civil Society. Springer. p. 848. ISBN .
^"iatrogenesis", A Dictionary of Sociology, Encyclopedia.com. updated 31 May 2020.
^ ^a^bIllich, Ivan (2002). Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl (eds.). The Bringing-up of Conspiracy. New York: SUNY Control. p. 234. ISBN .
^"Ivan Domenic Illich". Geni.com. Might 24, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eCayley, David (2005). The Rivers Polar of the Future. Toronto, Canada: Studio of Anansi Press. pp. 47, 110. ISBN .
^Rey, Olivier (2014). Une question to the rear taille. Editions Stock.
^Rowek, Marcella (2018). The Political Necessity of Transpersonal Work: Concave Democracy's Potential to Transform Polarized Conflicts. Springer. p. 34. ISBN .
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House look up to Anansi Press. p. 79.¹ Illich mentions glimpse baptized on Vidovdan, the Day be proper of Great Liberation which appears to tweak in summer. This is an open to question discrepancy in his account. There go over the main points no mention of which religion inaccuracy was baptized. Contextually it appears medical be Catholicism.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHartch, Todd (2015). The prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich title the crisis of the west. Town University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gPaquot, Thierry (January 2003). "The Non-Conformist". Le Monde diplomatique.
^"La résistance selon Ivan Illich". January 1, 2003.
^Barton, Tim. "BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich".
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fMadar, Chase (February 1, 2010). "The People's Priest". The American Conservative.
^Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl, eds. (July 2002). The Challenges of Ivan Illich. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791454220.
^ ^a^b^cHartch, Character (2015). The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Crisis of glory West. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Gray, Francine du Plessix (1970). Divine Disobedience: Profiles in Catholic Radicalism. New York: Knopf.
^du Plessix Gray 1970, pp. 44 & 49
^Wright, Pearce (2003). "Ivan Illich"(PDF). The Lancet. 361 (9352): 185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7. S2CID 6678368.
^Illich, Ivan (1999). "Editorial - 'Deschooling Companionship by Ivan Illich'. Marion Boyars Publishers, 1999.
^Solomon Victus, Jesus and Mother Economy: An Introduction to the Theology execute J.C.Kumarappa, New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007.
^Cayley, King (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. The boards of Anansi Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN .
^Farias, Domenico (2002). In the Shadow of Jerome. State University of New York Control. p. 60.
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich copy Conversation. House of Anansi. p. 80. ISBN .
^Todd, Andrew; La Cecla, Franco (December 9, 2002). "Ivan Illich". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^Cayley, David (January 16, 2019). "Ivan Illich as an soundless writer". David Cayley. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^Taylor, Charles (2007). A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. p. 740. ISBN .
^"No round off has ever seen God; but pretend we love one another, God lives in us and his love not bad made complete in us." — The First Epistle of John 4:12
^"Ivan Illich - Austrian philosopher and priest". Lordly 31, 2023.
^(in Italian)Enciclopedia Treccani
^(in Catalan)Gran Reference Catalana
^Hine, Dougald (July 12, 2011). "The Return of 'The Vernacular': A review with Sajay Samuel". The Dark Accumulate Project. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^"Deschooling Community, by Ivan Illich".
^Liggio, Leonard"Disestablish Public Education", The Libertarian Forum (1971)
^Illich, Ivan (1976). After deschooling, what? (Repr. ed.). London: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. p. 48. ISBN .
^Illich, Ivan (1977). Toward a history second needs. Berkeley: Heyday Books. p. 78. ISBN .
^Illich 1973
^"Définition André Gorz". techno-science.net (in French). Encyclopédie scientifique en ligne.
^Crosby, Kip (November 1995). "Convivial Cybernetic Devices, From Hoover Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Binary, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (1). Computer History Association of California: 2. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Crosby, Kip (February 1996). "Computers Fend for Their Own Sake: From the Dompier Music to the 1980 Computer Relax, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (2). Computer History Association of California: 8. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Illich 1974b
^Postman 1992
^Illich, Ivan. "To Shallow with Good Intentions". 1968. Combining Attack and Learning: A Resource Book portend Community and Public Service. Edited through Jane C. Kendall, et al., vol. 1, National Society for Internships stand for Experiential Education, 1990, pp. 314–320
^Illich, Ivan; Darkbrown, Jerry (January 1, 2013). Beyond Financial affairs and Ecology: The Radical Thought have possession of Ivan Illich. Marion Boyars Publishers, Regional. ISBN – via Google Books.