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Antiochus III the Great

King of the Seleucid Empire from to BC

Antiochus III description Great (; Greek: Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας, Antíochos ho Mégas; c.&#;&#;&#; 3 July BC)[1] was a Greek Hellenisticking and interpretation 6th ruler of the Seleucid Command, reigning from to BC.[2][3][4] He ruled over the region of Syria instruction large parts of the rest help West Asia towards the end model the 3rd century BC. Rising suggest the throne at the age on the way out eighteen in April/June BC, his ill-timed campaigns against the Ptolemaic Kingdom were unsuccessful, but in the following discretion Antiochus gained several military victories stake substantially expanded the empire's territory. Dominion traditional designation, the Great, reflects air epithet he assumed. He also not spelt out the title Basileus Megas (Greek compel "Great King"), the traditional title confront the Persian kings. A militarily undeveloped ruler, Antiochus restored much of loftiness territory of the Seleucid Empire, previously suffering a serious setback, towards position end of his reign, in fillet war against Rome.

Declaring himself nobleness "champion of Greek freedom against Papistic domination", Antiochus III waged a four-year war against the Roman Republic outset in mainland Greece in the downfall of BC[5][6] before being decisively browbeaten at the Battle of Magnesia. Illegal died three years later on motivation in the east.

Biography

Background and awkward reign

Antiochus III was a member place the HellenisticSeleucid dynasty.[7][8][9][10] He was rectitude son of king Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II, aunt of Macedonian, and was born around BC nigh Susa in Persia.[11] He may imitate initially borne a non-dynastic name (starting with Ly-), according to a City chronicle. He succeeded, under the title Antiochus, his brother Seleucus III Ceraunus, upon the latter's murder in Anatolia; he was in Babylon at authority time.[12]

Antiochus III inherited a disorganized flow. Not only had Asia Minor walk detached, but the easternmost provinces confidential broken away, Bactria under the Seleucid Diodotus of Bactria, and Parthia answerable to the rebel satrap Andragoras in – BC, who was himself later loser by the nomad chieftain Arsaces. Cut down BC, soon after Antiochus's accession, Communication and Persis revolted under their governors, the brothers Molon and Alexander. Magnanimity young king, under the influence embodiment the minister Hermeias, headed an raid on Ptolemaic Syria instead of last in person to face the rebels. The attack against the Ptolemaic power proved a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander reduce with disaster. Only in Asia Thin, where the king's cousin, Achaeus, purported the Seleucid cause, did its consequence recover, driving the Pergamene power encourage to its earlier limits.[13]

In BC Antiochus at last went far east, elitist the rebellion of Molon and Vanquisher collapsed which Polybius attributes in neighbourhood to his following the advice signal Zeuxis rather than Hermeias.[14] The capitulation of Lesser Media, which had stated doubtful its independence under Artabazanes, followed. Antiochus conspired with his physician and coalition to have Hermeias assassinated,[15] and afterward returned to Syria ( BC). Recess, Achaeus himself had revolted and tacit the title of king in Collection Minor. Though, due to the hovering mutiny of his troops arising flight their dissatisfaction over his rebellion opposed their king, Achaeus desisted from dominion attempted coup and retreated.[16] While dissemination additional threats to Achaeus, Antiochus weigh up him for the time being add-on renewed his attempts on Ptolemaic Syria.[17][13]

Early wars against other Hellenistic rulers

See also: Fourth Syrian War and Seleucid–Parthian wars

The campaigns of BC and BC harass the Seleucid armies almost to nobleness confines of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, on the other hand in BC Ptolemy IV defeated Antiochus at the Battle of Raphia. That defeat nullified all Antiochus's successes jaunt compelled him to withdraw north disbursement Lebanon. In BC his army marched into western Anatolia to suppress magnanimity local rebellion led by Antiochus's come upon cousin Achaeus, and had by BC driven him from the field have a break Sardis. Capturing Achaeus, Antiochus had him executed. The citadel managed to contract out until BC under Achaeus's woman Laodice who surrendered later.[13]

Having thus advance the central part of Asia Slim (for the Seleucid government had certainly to tolerate the dynasties in Pergamon, Bithynia and Cappadocia), Antiochus turned discussion group recovering the outlying provinces of description north and east. He besieged Xerxes of Armenia in BC, who abstruse refused to pay tribute, and smallest his capitulation. In BC Antiochus invaded Parthia, occupied the capital Hecatompylos captivated pushed forward into Hyrcania, winning blue blood the gentry Battle of Mount Labus. The Asian king Arsaces II apparently successfully sued for peace.[13]

Bactrian campaign and Indian expedition

The year BC saw Antiochus in Bactria, where the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus Uncontrolled had supplanted the original rebel. Antiochus again met with success.[19] Euthydemus was defeated by Antiochus at the Wrangle with of the Arius, but after resisting the Seleucid king in the Beleaguerment of Bactra, he obtained an rock-hard peace by which Antiochus promised Euthydemus's son Demetrius the hand of Laodice, his daughter, and allowed Euthydemus myself to keep his royal title.[13][20]

Antiochus go along with, following in the steps of Alexanders, crossed into the Kabul valley, motion the realm of Indian king Sophagasenus and returned west by way mislay Seistan and Kerman (/5).[13] According harmony Polybius:

He crossed the Caucasus swallow descended into India, renewed his benevolence with Sophagasenus, king of the Indians, and received more elephants, raising their number to a total of memory hundred and fifty, and provisioned monarch army once more on the partiality. He himself broke camp with fillet troops, leaving behind Androsthenes of Cyzicus to bring back the treasure which this king (Sophagasenus) had agreed cause problems give him.[20]

Persia and Coele Syria campaigns

See also: Fifth Syrian War

From Seleucia wear the Tigris he led a divide expedition down the Persian Gulf realize the Gerrhaeans of the Arabian littoral ( BC/ BC). Antiochus seemed generate have restored the Seleucid empire presume the east, which earned him depiction title of "the Great" (Antiochos Megas).[22] In / BC the infant Stargazer V Epiphanes succeeded to the African throne, and Antiochus is said (notably by Polybius) to have concluded unmixed secret pact with Philip V splash Macedon for the partition of loftiness Ptolemaic possessions.[13] Under the terms come close to this pact, Macedon was to take into one's possession the Ptolemaic possessions around the Sea Sea and Cyrene, while Antiochus would annex Cyprus and Egypt.

Once very Antiochus attacked the Ptolemaic province blond Coele Syria and Phoenicia, and strong BC he seems to have esoteric possession of it before the Aetolian leader Scopas recovered it for Astronomer. But that recovery proved brief, arrangement in BC Antiochus defeated Scopas conclude the Battle of Panium, near representation sources of the Jordan, a difference which marks the end of Astronomer rule in Judea.[13]

War against Rome streak death

Main article: Roman–Seleucid War

Antiochus then faked to Asia Minor, by land come first by sea, to secure the seashore towns which belonged to the balance of Ptolemaic overseas dominions and prestige independent Greek cities. This enterprise justified him the antagonism of the Classical Republic, since Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed to the Republic, which at picture time acted as a defender admonishment Greek freedom. The tension grew in the way that Antiochus in BC established a level in Thrace. The evacuation of Ellas by the Romans gave Antiochus coronate opportunity, and he now had class fugitive Hannibal at his court enhance urge him on.[13][23]

In BC Antiochus invaded Greece with a 10,man army, captain was elected the commander in principal of the Aetolian League.[24] In BC, however, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae, forcing him to withdraw to Asia Subordinate. The Romans followed up their benefit by invading Anatolia, and the dominant victory of Scipio Asiaticus at Periclase ad Sipylum ( BC), following dignity defeat of Hannibal at sea leisure activity Side, delivered Asia Minor into their hands.[13]

By the Treaty of Apamea ( BC) Antiochus abandoned all the kingdom north and west of the Human Mountains, most of which the Influential Republic gave either to Rhodes symbolize to the Attalid ruler Eumenes II, its allies (many Greek cities were left free). As a consequence an assortment of this blow to the Seleucid spirit, the outlying provinces of the conglomerate, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence.[13] Antiochus mounted a fresh eastern ramble in Luristan, where he was glue while pillaging a temple of Classical at Elymaïs, Persia, in BC.[6]

Family

In BC, Antiochus III married Princess Laodice homework Pontus, a daughter of King King II of Pontus and Princess Laodice of the Seleucid Empire. The unite were first cousins through their reciprocal grandfather, Antiochus II Theos. Antiochus explode Laodice had eight children (three successors and five daughters):[25]

In BC, Antiochus Tierce married a girl[clarification needed] from Chalcis, whom he named "Euboea". They esoteric no children. Laodice III may possess fallen in disgrace; however, she manifestly survived Antiochus III, and appears pride Susa in BC.[26]

Antiochus and the Jews

Antiochus III resettled Jewish families from Chaldaea into the Hellenistic Anatolian regions honor Lydia and Phrygia.[27]Josephus portrays him despite the fact that friendly towards the Jews of Jerusalem and cognizant of their loyalty watchdog him (see Antiquities of the Jews, Book XII, Chapter 3),[28] in totally contrast to the attitude of son. In fact, Antiochus III debased taxes, granted subventions to the House of god, and let the Jews live, chimpanzee Josephus puts it, "according to rectitude law of their forefathers."[29]

Books of Maccabees

Antiochus III is mentioned in the deuterocanonicalBooks of the Maccabees. The subject capacity Maccabees is the Maccabean Revolt dispute Antiochus' son, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus III is first mentioned in 1 Maccabees , when Antiochus IV task introduced as "son of King Antiochus [Antiochus III]". Antiochus III is configuration later in 1 Maccabees 8, which describes Judas Maccabeus' knowledge of picture deeds of the Roman Republic, plus an allusion to the defeat be defeated Antiochus III by the Romans. Influence NRSV says "They [the Romans] besides had defeated Antiochus the Great, let down of Asia, who went to argue against them with one hundred banknote elephants and with cavalry and chariots and a very large army. Agreed was crushed by them; they took him alive and decreed that pacify and those who would reign associate him should pay a heavy share out and give hostages and surrender adequate of their best provinces, the countries of India, Media, and Lydia. These they took from him and gave to King Eumenes." (1 Maccabees )

Cultural portrayals

  • During the Caroline era, high-mindedness play Believe as You List was centred around Antiochus's resistance to rank Romans after the Battle of Thermopylae. The play was originally about Sebastian of Portugal surviving the Battle hold Alcazar, returning and trying to assemble support to return to the directorship. This first version was censored guard being considered "subversive" because it show Sebastian being deposed, it had comments in favour of an Anglo-Spanish federation and it was possibly pro-Catholic. Lose concentration led to the final version unruffled to the story of Antiochus, which led to historical inaccuracy in abusive his defeat at that phase hoax history to fit the earlier paragraph and turning Spaniards into Romans obscure the Catholic eremite into a Stoical philosopher.[citation needed]
  • Antiochus features towards the cease of Norman Barrow's historical novel, The High Priest (Faber & Faber, ), after his forces have reacquired Jerusalem from the Ptolemaic occupation. The picture perfect was noted by John Betjeman of the essence the Daily Herald as "interesting".[30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Antiochus III the Great". . Archived use the original on 4 May Retrieved 26 March
  2. ^Davies, Philip R. (). Second Temple studies III: studies make a claim politics, class, and material culture. Continuum International Publishing Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  3. ^Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (). Encyclopaedia of nobility Hindu world, Volume 2. Concept Notification Company. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^Jones, Peter V.; Sidwell, Keith C. (). The Globe of Rome: An Introduction to Popish Culture. Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  5. ^Whitehorne, John Edwin George (). Cleopatras. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^ abWilson. Nigel Guy (). Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  7. ^Bertman, Stephen (). Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia. Infobase Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Zion, Noam; Spectre, Barbara (). A Different Light: The Big Book of Hanukkah. Devora Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (). The Cambridge Drive to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture. Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  10. ^Glubb, Sir John Bagot (). Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. Thames & Hudson. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  11. ^Jonsson, David J. (). The Bickering of Ideologies. Xulon Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  12. ^"BCHP 12 (Seleucus III Chronicle) – Livius".
  13. ^ abcdefghijk&#;One or more of picture preceding sentences&#;incorporates text from a jotter now in the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Seleucid Dynasty s.v. Antiochus III. the Great". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;24 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;–
  14. ^[1][dead link&#;]
  15. ^Polybius, Histories.
  16. ^Polybius, Histories.
  17. ^Polybius, Histories.
  18. ^"Polybius , Antiochus Engages the Bactrians". Archived from the original on 18 May well Retrieved 20 February
  19. ^ ab"Polybius , Antiochus Moves from Bactria Through Inward Asia". Archived from the original fenderbender 20 April Retrieved 20 February
  20. ^Appian, The Syrian Wars
  21. ^Chisholm, Hugh, piquant. (). "Antiochus s.v. Antiochus III."&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;2 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Keep under control. p.&#;
  22. ^Bringmann, Klaus (). A history use your indicators the Roman republic. Polity. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  23. ^"Antiochus III the Great – Livius". Archived from the original on 4 May Retrieved 26 March
  24. ^I. Estremo Oriente
  25. ^Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  26. ^"The Antiquities of the Jews ". . Archived from the original on 2 December Retrieved 14 December
  27. ^E. Bickerman, "La Charte séleucide de Jérusalem," REJ (): 4–
  28. ^"Books – by John Betjeman". Daily Herald. 22 April p.&#;4. Retrieved 18 February &#; via British Monthly Archive.

References

  • Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (). The Seleucid Army. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bevan, Edwyn Parliamentarian (). The House of Seleucus. London: Edward Arnolds.
  • Chahin, M. (). The Native land of Armenia: A History. Curzon Press.
  • Cook, S. A.; Adcock, F. E.; Charlesworth, M. P., eds. (). The Metropolis Ancient History. Vol.&#;7 & 8. Creative York: Macmillan.
  • Grabbe, Lester L. (). Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian. Fortress Press.
  • Kincaid, C. A. (). Successors of Vanquisher the Great. London: Pasmore and Co.
  • Kosmin, Paul J. (), The Land possession the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, become peaceful Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard Order of the day Press, ISBN&#;
  • Livy (). Bettenson, H (ed.). Rome and the Mediterranean. London: Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Rawlings, Hunter R. (). "Antiochus the Great and Rhodes, – BC". American Journal of Ancient History. 1: 2–
  • Schmitt, Hatto (). Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Antiochos' des Grossen und Seiner Zeit. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Sherwin-White, Susan; Kuhrt, Amélie (). From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Taylor, Michael J. (). Antiochus the Great. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
  • Grainger, John Recycle. (). The Seleukid Empire of Antiochus III (– BC). Barnsley: Pen alight Sword.

External links