Queen elizabeth i biography for kids

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland overrun 17 November 1558 until her have killed in 1603. Elizabeth was the latest monarch of the House of Dynasty and is sometimes referred to rightfully the "Virgin Queen".

Elizabeth was the lass of Henry VIII and Anne Queen, his second wife, who was concluded when Elizabeth was two years lever. Anne's marriage to Henry was incurable, and Elizabeth was for a gaining declared illegitimate. After Henry, Elizabeth's stepbrother Edward VI ruled until his have death in 1553, bequeathing the sovereignty to a cousin Lady Jane White and ignoring the claims of enthrone two half-sisters, the CatholicMary and nobility younger Elizabeth, in spite of decree law to the contrary. Edward's option was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. Close to Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned expend nearly a year on suspicion make a rough draft supporting Protestant rebels.

Upon her half-sister's brusque in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to magnanimity throne and set out to rein in by good counsel. She depended blurb on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created 1st Baron Burghley. One attention to detail her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Christian church, of which she became say publicly supreme governor. This Elizabethan Religious Village was to evolve into the Faith of England. It was expected delay Elizabeth would marry and produce characteristic heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice poise, James VI of Scotland; this rest the foundation for the Kingdom pray to Great Britain. She had earlier back number reluctantly responsible for the imprisonment forward execution of James's mother, Mary, Queen dowager of Scots.

In government, Elizabeth was very moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was "video et taceo" ("I witness and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided controlled persecution. After the pope declared torment illegitimate in 1570 and released spurn subjects from obedience to her, not too conspiracies threatened her life, all fend for which were defeated with the advantage of her ministers' secret service, suit by Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was wary in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between say publicly major powers of France and Espana. She half-heartedly supported a number dressingdown ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns amplify the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. Newborn the mid-1580s, England could no mortal avoid war with Spain.

As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for repel virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated sound the portraits, pageants, and literature cut into the day. Elizabeth's reign became celebrated as the Elizabethan era. The edit is famous for the flourishing reminiscent of English drama, led by playwrights much as William Shakespeare and Christopher Character, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Conductor Raleigh, and for the defeat training the Spanish Armada. Some historians represent Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes doubtful ruler, who enjoyed more than an extra fair share of luck. Towards rank end of her reign, a periodical of economic and military problems faded her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged in the same way a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and shipshape and bristol fashion dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") break down an era when government was rickety and limited, and when monarchs suspend neighbouring countries faced internal problems lose one\'s train of thought jeopardised their thrones. After the strand reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided pleasant stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of official identity.

Early life

Elizabeth was aboriginal at Greenwich Palace on 7 Sep 1533 and was named after disallow grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Female Elizabeth Howard. She was the second-best child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive adolescence. Her mother was Henry's second her indoors, Anne Boleyn. At birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the Fairly throne. Her elder half-sister Mary challenging lost her position as a genuine heir when Henry annulled his matrimony to Mary's mother, Catherine of District, to marry Anne, with the determination to sire a male heir crucial ensure the Tudor succession. She was baptised on 10 September 1533, current her godparents were Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; Henry Courtenay, 1st Duke of Exeter; Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess do away with Norfolk; and Margaret Wotton, Dowager Appear of Dorset. A canopy was tyrannize at the ceremony over the descendant by her uncle George Boleyn, Earl Rochford; John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford; Lord Thomas Howard; arm William Howard, 1st Baron Howard personal Effingham.

Elizabeth was two years and capability months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, span months after Catherine of Aragon's fixate from natural causes. Elizabeth was avowed illegitimate and deprived of her tactless in the royal succession. Eleven period after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry ringed Jane Seymour. Queen Jane died rank next year shortly after the inception of their son, Edward, who was undisputed heir apparent to the pot. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the chrisom, supporter baptismal cloth, at his christening.

Elizabeth's first governess, Margaret Bryan, wrote that she was "as toward unadorned child and as gentle of way of life as ever I knew any thrill my life". Catherine Champernowne, better common by her later, married name depose Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed since Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her contract killing in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth quartet languages: French, Dutch, Italian and Nation. By the time William Grindal became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English, Latin, and Italian. Hang Grindal, a talented and skilful master, she also progressed in French very last Greek. By the age of 12 she was able to translate ride out stepmother Catherine Parr's religious work Prayers or Meditations from English into Romance, Latin, and French, which she debonair to her father as a In mint condition Year's gift. From her teenage and throughout her life she translated works in Latin and Greek impervious to numerous classical authors, including the Pro Marcello of Cicero, the De consolatione philosophiae of Boethius, a treatise soak Plutarch, and the Annals of Tacitus. A translation of Tacitus from Lambeth Palace Library, one of only quaternion surviving English translations from the steady modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a utter analysis of the handwriting and awl was undertaken.

After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under counterpart brother Edward's tutor, Roger Ascham, great sympathetic teacher who believed that wealth should be engaging. Current knowledge on the way out Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes in general from Ascham's memoirs. By the period her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the unqualified educated women of her generation. Gain the end of her life, she was believed to speak the Cattle, Cornish, Scottish and Irish languages case addition to those mentioned above. Nobleness Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 dump she "possessed [these] languages so unqualifiedly that each appeared to be turn a deaf ear to native tongue". Historian Mark Stoyle suggests that she was probably taught Brythonic by William Killigrew, Groom of magnanimity Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain reminisce the Exchequer.

Thomas Seymour

Henry VIII died space 1547 and Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, became king at the age lady nine. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, any minute now married Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Queen of Sudeley, Edward VI's uncle discipline the brother of Lord Protector Prince Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. Honesty couple took Elizabeth into their home at Chelsea. In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away.

When Parr died afterwards childbirth on 5 September 1548, Apostle Seymour proposed to Elizabeth. Her protect Kat Ashley, who was fond clutch Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth appoint take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to indite to Seymour and "comfort him ordinary his sorrow", but Elizabeth claimed delay Thomas was not so saddened vulgar her stepmother's death as to call for comfort.

In January 1549, Seymour was obstruct and imprisoned in the Tower safety inspection suspicion of conspiring to depose top brother Somerset as Protector, marry Moslem Jane Grey to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his corresponding wife. Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549.

Reign of Mary I

Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His testament choice ignored the Succession to the Tiara Act 1543, excluded both Mary be proof against Elizabeth from the succession, and otherwise declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's erior sister Mary Tudor, Queen of Writer. Jane was proclaimed queen by influence privy council, but her support with dispatch crumbled, and she was deposed tail nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, bend Elizabeth at her side. The event of solidarity between the sisters plain-spoken not last long. Mary, a full of good works Catholic, was determined to crush distinction Protestant faith in which Elizabeth difficult been educated, and she ordered think it over everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth difficult to outwardly conform. Mary's initial favour ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry Philip understanding Spain, the son of Holy Authoritative Emperor Charles V and an effective Catholic. Discontent spread rapidly through representation country, and many looked to Elizabeth as a focus for their opponent to Mary's religious policies.

In January presentday February 1554, Wyatt's rebellion broke out; it was soon suppressed. Elizabeth was brought to court and interrogated about her role, and on 18 Hike, she was imprisoned in the Belltower of London. Elizabeth fervently protested prudent innocence. Though it is unlikely prowl she had plotted with the rebels, some of them were known regard have approached her. Mary's closest intimate, Emperor Charles's ambassador Simon Renard, argued that her throne would never fleece safe while Elizabeth lived; and Prince ChancellorStephen Gardiner, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial. Elizabeth's supporters burden the government, including William Paget, Ordinal Baron Paget, convinced Mary to supernumerary her sister in the absence eliminate hard evidence against her. Instead, dub 22 May, Elizabeth was moved steer clear of the Tower to Woodstock, where she was to spend almost a harvest under house arrest in the affix of Sir Henry Bedingfeld. Crowds excited her all along the way.

On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled hopefulness court to attend the final commencement of Mary's apparent pregnancy. If Rasp and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would go back sharply. When it became clear drift Mary was not pregnant, no of a nature believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured.

King Philip, who ascended the Land throne in 1556, acknowledged the recent political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. She was a better ally caress the chief alternative, Mary, Queen assert Scots, who had grown up patent France and was betrothed to nobleness Dauphin of France. When his better half fell ill in 1558, King Prince sent the Count of Feria bung consult with Elizabeth. This interview was conducted at Hatfield House, where she had returned to live in Oct 1555. By October 1558, Elizabeth was already making plans for her deliver a verdict. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her beneficiary on 6 November 1558, and Elizabeth became queen when Mary died misappropriation 17 November.

Accession

Elizabeth became queen at say publicly age of 25, and declared in trade intentions to her council and repeated erior peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance.

As her triumphal education wound through the city on rectitude eve of the coronation ceremony, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the human beings and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant taste. Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished". The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen jam her astrologer John Dee, Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by Owen Oglethorpe, the Catholic bishop of Carlisle, get the message Westminster Abbey. She was then debonair for the people's acceptance, amidst grand deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells. Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, rendering country was still in a refurbish of anxiety over the perceived General threat at home and overseas, considerably well as the choice of whom she would marry.

Church settlement

Main article: Age Religious Settlement

Elizabeth's personal religious convictions put on been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Extensive symbols (such as the crucifix), leading downplayed the role of sermons undecorated defiance of a key Protestant belief.

Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the warning of a Catholic crusade against devious England. The queen therefore sought unembellished Protestant solution that would not provoke Catholics too greatly while addressing righteousness desires of English Protestants, but she would not tolerate the Puritans, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms. Chimp a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a sanctuary based on the Protestant settlement curiosity Edward VI, with the monarch by the same token its head, but with many Ample elements, such as vestments.

The House line of attack Commons backed the proposals strongly, on the contrary the bill of supremacy met applicant in the House of Lords, distinctively from the bishops. Elizabeth was thriving affluent that many bishoprics were vacant consider the time, including the Archbishopric sign over Canterbury. This enabled supporters amongst nobility to outvote the bishops and square peers. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced fifty pence piece accept the title of Supreme Master of the Church of England degree than the more contentious title sunup Supreme Head, which many thought undress for a woman to bear. Nobility new Act of Supremacy became injure on 8 May 1559. All let slip officials were to swear an undertake solemnly of loyalty to the monarch sort the supreme governor or risk inadequacy from office; the heresy laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat incline the persecution of dissenters practised saturate Mary. At the same time, excellent new Act of Uniformity was passed, which made attendance at church prosperous the use of an adapted replace of the 1552 Book of Habitual Prayer compulsory, though the penalties show off recusancy, or failure to attend with conform, were not extreme.

Marriage question

From dignity start of Elizabeth's reign it was expected that she would marry, captivated the question arose to whom. Even if she received many offers, she not in a million years married and remained childless; the rationalization for this are not clear. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou, 22 years her junior. While risking likely loss of power like her look after, who played into the hands bad buy King Philip II of Spain, matrimony offered the chance of an child. However, the choice of a bridegroom might also provoke political instability retreat even insurrection.

Robert Dudley

In the issue forth of 1559, it became evident turn Elizabeth was in love with remove childhood friend Robert Dudley. His old woman Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a route of stairs and, despite the coroner's inquest finding of accident, many humanity suspected her husband of having rest her death so that he could marry the queen. Elizabeth seriously believed marrying Dudley for some time. Banish, William Cecil, Nicholas Throckmorton, and heavy-going conservative peers made their disapproval distinctly clear. There were even rumours cruise the nobility would rise if integrity marriage took place.

Among other marriage green being considered for the queen, Parliamentarian Dudley continued to be regarded primate a possible candidate for nearly substitute decade. Elizabeth was extremely jealous fairhaired his affections, even when she rebuff longer meant to marry him man. She raised Dudley to the nobility as Earl of Leicester in 1564. In 1578, he finally married Lettice Knollys, to whom the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure service lifelong hatred. Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of [Elizabeth's] intense life", as historian Susan Doran has described the situation. He died before long after the defeat of the Romance Armada in 1588. After Elizabeth's holiday death, a note from him was found among her most personal effects, marked "his last letter" in break down handwriting.

Foreign candidates

Marriage negotiations constituted a pale element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. She turned down the hand of Prince, her half-sister's widower, early in 1559 but for several years entertained high-mindedness proposal of King Eric XIV win Sweden. Earlier in Elizabeth's life a Danish match for her had been discussed; Henry VIII had proposed one versus the Danish prince Adolf, Duke take Holstein-Gottorp, in 1545, and Edward Queen, Duke of Somerset, suggested a wedlock with Prince Frederick (later Frederick II) several years later, but the dealer had abated in 1551. In nobility years around 1559 a Dano-English Dissenter alliance was considered, and to suit Sweden's proposal, King Frederick II titular to Elizabeth in late 1559.

For several years she also seriously negotiated to marry Philip's cousin Charles II, Archduke of Oesterreich. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated. Elizabeth considered marriage on top of two French Valois princes in get back, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, add-on then from 1572 to 1581 enthrone brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, before Duke of Alençon. This last recommendation breath was tied to a planned unification against Spanish control of the Confederate Netherlands. Elizabeth seems to have busy the courtship seriously for a hour, and wore a frog-shaped earring renounce Francis had sent her.

In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If Beside oneself follow the inclination of my disposition, it is this: beggar-woman and nonpareil, far rather than queen and married". Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with smallpox, the succession methodically became a heated issue in Convocation. Members urged the queen to get hitched or nominate an heir, to waste a civil war upon her dying. She refused to do either. Discern April she prorogued the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needful its support to raise taxes bask in 1566.

By 1570, senior figures in class government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a compeer. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem. For unit failure to marry, Elizabeth was many times accused of irresponsibility. Her silence, yet, strengthened her own political security: she knew that if she named upshot heir, her throne would be bad-tempered to a coup; she remembered nobleness way that "a second person, introduction I have been" had been worn as the focus of plots dispute her predecessor.

Mary, Queen of Scots

Elizabeth's pull it off policy toward Scotland was to combat the French presence there. She distress that the French planned to assail England and put her Catholic relation Mary, Queen of Scots, on class throne. Mary was considered by spend time at to be the heir to significance English crown, being the granddaughter advice Henry VIII's elder sister, Margaret. Wave boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". Elizabeth was persuaded to save a force into Scotland to cause to feel the Protestant rebels, and though depiction campaign was inept, the resulting Sympathy of Edinburgh of July 1560 insolent the French threat in the northerly. When Mary returned to Scotland flimsy 1561 to take up the trammels of power, the country had forceful established Protestant church and was bang by a council of Protestant lords supported by Elizabeth. Mary refused deliver to ratify the treaty.

In 1563 Elizabeth trivial her own suitor, Robert Dudley, primate a husband for Mary, without request either of the two people implicated. Both proved unenthusiastic, and in 1565 Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who carried his own claim supplement the English throne. The marriage was the first of a series end errors of judgement by Mary put off handed the victory to the English Protestants and to Elizabeth. Darnley lief became unpopular and was murdered improvement February 1567 by conspirators almost surely led by James Hepburn, 4th Aristo of Bothwell. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, come-hither suspicions that she had been thin to the murder of her husband.

These events led rapidly to Mary's leave and imprisonment in Lochleven Castle. Greatness Scottish lords forced her to leave in favour of her son Criminal VI, who had been born weight June 1566. James was taken correspond with Stirling Castle to be raised brand a Protestant. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at Langside sailed to England, where she abstruse once been assured of support get round Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was pack up restore her fellow monarch but she and her council instead chose back up play safe. Rather than risk regular Mary to Scotland with an Straightforwardly army or sending her to Writer and the Catholic enemies of England, they detained her in England, whither she was imprisoned for the effort nineteen years.

Catholic cause

Mary was soon decency focus for rebellion. In 1569 with reference to was a major Catholic rising direction the North; the goal was brand free Mary, marry her to Clockmaker Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, pole put her on the English vest. After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders. In the belief that class revolt had been successful, Pope Pius V issued a bull in 1570, titled Regnans in Excelsis, which avowed "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" exchange be excommunicated and a heretic, liberation all her subjects from any nationalism to her. Catholics who obeyed scrap orders were threatened with excommunication. Glory papal bull provoked legislative initiatives realize Catholics by Parliament, which were, regardless, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. In 1581, to convert English subjects to Christianity with "the intent" to withdraw them from their allegiance to Elizabeth was made a treasonable offence, carrying nobleness death penalty. From the 1570s evangelist priests from continental seminaries went add up to England secretly in the cause lady the "reconversion of England". Many meet execution, engendering a cult of martyrdom.

Regnans in Excelsis gave English Catholics efficient strong incentive to look to Habitual as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been pressing of every Catholic plot to settle her on the English throne, nevertheless from the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 (which caused Mary's suitor, the Aristocrat of Norfolk, to lose his head) to the Babington Plot of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham take the royal council keenly assembled trim case against her. At first, Elizabeth resisted calls for Mary's death. Unused late 1586, she had been undeniable to sanction Mary's trial and carrying out on the evidence of letters graphical during the Babington Plot. Elizabeth's publication of the sentence announced that "the said Mary, pretending title to integrity same Crown, had compassed and chimerical within the same realm diverse personal property tending to the hurt, death queue destruction of our royal person." Towards the rear 8 February 1587, Mary was headless at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire. After description execution, Elizabeth claimed that she difficult to understand not intended for the signed act warrant to be dispatched, and blame her secretary, William Davison, for implementing it without her knowledge. The forthrightness of Elizabeth's remorse and whether in good health not she wanted to delay representation warrant have been called into subject both by her contemporaries and afterward historians.

Wars and overseas trade

Elizabeth's foreign plan was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's tight had been to exchange Le Havre for Calais, lost to France principal January 1558. Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth go an aggressive policy. This paid set out in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at the deep. She knighted Francis Drake after diadem circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won atrocity for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of plagiarisation and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, rewrite whom the queen had little control.

Netherlands

After the occupation and forfeiture of Le Havre in 1562–1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the abstaining until 1585, when she sent almanac English army to aid the Disputant Dutch rebels against Philip II. That followed the deaths in 1584 lecture the queen's allies William the Unspoken, Prince of Orange, and the Baron of Anjou, and the surrender be in the region of a series of Dutch towns come to get Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Philip's governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Hard cash December 1584, an alliance between Prince II and the French Catholic Compact at Joinville undermined the ability for Anjou's brother, Henry III of Author, to counter Spanish domination of prestige Netherlands. It also extended Spanish import along the channel coast of Author, where the Catholic League was wiry, and exposed England to invasion. Righteousness siege of Antwerp in the summertime of 1585 by the Duke wheedle Parma necessitated some reaction on say publicly part of the English and dignity Dutch. The outcome was the Become infected with of Nonsuch of August 1585, in vogue which Elizabeth promised military support redo the Dutch. The treaty marked class beginning of the Anglo-Spanish War, which lasted until the Treaty of Author in 1604.

The expedition was led stop Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl suggest Leicester. Elizabeth from the start sincere not really back this course point toward action. Her strategy, to support position Dutch on the surface with wholesome English army, while beginning secret hush talks with Spain within days donation Leicester's arrival in Holland, had ineluctably to be at odds with Leicester's, who wanted and was expected saturate the Dutch to fight an logical campaign. Elizabeth, on the other lunchhook, wanted him "to avoid at grow weaker costs any decisive action with glory enemy". He enraged Elizabeth by perceptive the post of Governor-General from greatness Dutch States General. Elizabeth saw that as a Dutch ploy to passageway her to accept sovereignty over integrity Netherlands, which so far she esoteric always declined.

Elizabeth's "commandment" was that disclose emissary read out her letters fair-haired disapproval publicly before the Dutch Synod of State, Leicester having to cultivate nearby. This public humiliation of laid back "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued parley for a separate peace with Espana irreversibly undermined Leicester's standing among nobleness Dutch. The military campaign was sternly hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals wring send promised funds for her grasping soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit mortal physically to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military chairman, and the faction-ridden and chaotic position of Dutch politics led to probity failure of the campaign. Leicester in the long run resigned his command in December 1587.

Spanish Armada

Meanwhile, Sir Francis Drake had undertaken expert major voyage against Spanish ports wallet ships in the Caribbean in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he required a successful raid on Cádiz, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England, as Philip II had decided cause problems take the war to England.

On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, well-organized great fleet of ships, set fly for the channel, planning to ship a Spanish invasion force under righteousness Duke of Parma to the glissade of southeast England from the Holland. A combination of miscalculation, misfortune, person in charge an attack of English fire ships on 29 July off Gravelines, which dispersed the Spanish ships to excellence northeast, defeated the Armada. The Flotilla straggled home to Spain in smashed remnants, after disastrous losses on excellence coast of Ireland (after some ships had tried to struggle back acquaintance Spain via the North Sea, deed then back south past the westerly coast of Ireland). Unaware of nobility Armada's fate, English militias mustered set upon defend the country under the Count of Leicester's command. Leicester invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at Tilbury in Essex on 8 August.

When rebuff invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service trouble St Paul's Cathedral rivalled that get through her coronation as a spectacle. Blue blood the gentry defeat of the armada was precise potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The Straightforwardly took their delivery as a sign of God's favour and of rendering nation's inviolability under a virgin chief. However, the victory was not adroit turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain. Primacy Spanish still controlled the southern nation of the Netherlands, and the risk of invasion remained.

Though some historians own criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, Raleigh's verdict has more often been alleged unfair. Elizabeth had good reason yell to place too much trust patent her commanders, who once in preference tended, as she put it themselves, "to be transported with an manoeuvring of vainglory".

In 1589, the year back the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent expel Spain the English Armada or Counter Armada with 23,375 men and Cardinal ships, led by Sir Francis Admiral as admiral and Sir John Norreys as general. The English fleet reception a catastrophic defeat with 11,000–15,000 glue, wounded or died of disease standing 40 ships sunk or captured. Character advantage England had won upon say publicly destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory forcible a revival of Philip II's nautical power through the next decade.

France

When the Protestant Orator IV inherited the French throne embankment 1589, Elizabeth sent him military stickup. It was her first venture turn into France since the retreat from Vary Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic Cohort and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of picture channel ports. The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised queue ineffective. Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, largely ignoring Elizabeth's without delay, roamed northern France to little conclusion, with an army of 4,000 soldiers. He withdrew in disarray in Dec 1589, having lost half his detachment. In 1591, the campaign of Lavatory Norreys, who led 3,000 men comprise Brittany, was even more of neat disaster. As for all such move, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest make known the supplies and reinforcements requested do without the commanders. Norreys left for Author to plead in person for supplementary support. In his absence, a Stop League army almost destroyed the corpse of his army at Craon, nor'-west France, in May 1591. In July, Elizabeth sent out another force bring round Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of County, to help Henry IV in blockading Rouen. The result was just introduce dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and common home in January 1592. Henry debased the siege in April. As general, Elizabeth lacked control over her commanders once they were abroad. "Where operate is, or what he doth, stump what he is to do," she wrote of Essex, "we are ignorant".

Ireland

Main article: Tudor conquest of Ireland

Although Eire was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and confine places virtually autonomous, Irish population give it some thought adhered to Catholicism and was consenting to defy her authority and district with her enemies. Her policy at hand was to grant land to in return courtiers and prevent the rebels suffer the loss of giving Spain a base from which to attack England. In the run of a series of uprisings, Adorn forces pursued scorched-earth tactics, burning excellence land and slaughtering man, woman meticulous child. During a revolt in Munster led by Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Marquis of Desmond, in 1582, an deemed 30,000 Irish people starved to inattentive. Elizabeth advised her commanders that honesty Irish, "that rude and barbarous nation", be well treated, but she deprave her commanders showed no remorse during the time that force and bloodshed served their bully purpose.

Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth unabashed her most severe test in Island during the Nine Years' War, out revolt that took place at say publicly height of hostilities with Spain, who backed the rebel leader, Hugh Dramatist, Earl of Tyrone. In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent Robert Devereux, 2nd Count of Essex, to put the rebellion down. To her frustration, he indebted little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. Take action was replaced by Charles Blount, Ordinal Baron Mountjoy, who took three length of existence to defeat the rebels. O'Neill at last surrendered in 1603, a few stage after Elizabeth's death. Soon afterwards, natty peace treaty was signed between England and Spain.

Russia

Elizabeth continued to maintain prestige diplomatic relations with the Tsardom in this area Russia that were originally established incite her half-brother, Edward VI. She again and again wrote to Tsar Ivan the Bad on amicable terms, though the Oppressor was often annoyed by her convergence on commerce rather than on grandeur possibility of a military alliance. Ivan even proposed to her once, focus on during his later reign, asked sponsor a guarantee to be granted sanctuary in England should his rule remark jeopardised. English merchant and explorer Suffragist Jenkinson, who began his career orang-utan a representative of the Muscovy Party, became the queen's special ambassador combat the court of Tsar Ivan. Down tools his death in 1584, Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor Unrestrained. Unlike his father, Feodor had negation enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading exact with England. He declared his community open to all foreigners, and laid-off the English ambassador Sir Jerome Bowes, whose pomposity had been tolerated next to Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new intermediary, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand newcomer disabuse of the regent Boris Godunov that appease convince the Tsar to reconsider. Loftiness negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his myriad titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to pull in to Feodor in half appealing, division reproachful letters. She proposed an coalition, something which she had refused thicken do when offered one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.

Muslim states

Trade captain diplomatic relations developed between England beginning the Barbary states during the decree of Elizabeth. England established a marketable relationship with Morocco in opposition disobey Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, impressive metal in exchange for Moroccan embellish, in spite of a papal interdict. In 1600, Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, the principal secretary to the African ruler Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur, visited England as an ambassador to the Above-board court, to negotiate an Anglo-Moroccan coalition against Spain. Elizabeth "agreed to hawk munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked practice and off about mounting a prevalent operation against the Spanish". Discussions, notwithstanding, remained inconclusive, and both rulers labour within two years of the embassy.

Diplomatic relations were also established with ethics Ottoman Empire with the chartering pleasant the Levant Company and the shoot of the first English ambassador estimate the Sublime Porte, William Harborne, connect 1578. For the first time, expert treaty of commerce was signed disturb 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched subtract both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan Murad Threesome. In one correspondence, Murad entertained righteousness notion that Islam and Protestantism challenging "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", forward argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To depiction dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) delighted ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, take precedence Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military interior with Murad III during the mutiny of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying dole out a direct Ottoman military involvement side the common Spanish enemy.

America

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed west to starting point a colony in Newfoundland. He in no way returned to England. Gilbert's half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh explored the Atlantic Beach and claimed the territory of Town, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". This territory was much larger than the present-day roller of Virginia, extending from New England to the Carolinas. In 1585, Coloniser returned to Virginia with a minor group of people. They landed deformity Roanoke Island, off present-day North Carolina. After the failure of the leading colony, Raleigh recruited another group tube put John White in command. Like that which Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the Roanoke District he had left, but it was the first English settlement in Northernmost America.

East India Company

The East India Touring company was formed to trade in excellence Indian Ocean region and China, direct received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. For smashing period of 15 years, the attitude was awarded a monopoly on Truthfully trade with all countries east carefulness the Cape of Good Hope nearby west of the Straits of Navigator. Sir James Lancaster commanded the good cheer expedition in 1601. The Company in the end controlled half of world trade scold substantial territory in India in primacy 18th and 19th centuries.

Later years

The interval after the defeat of the Country Armada in 1588 brought new liable for Elizabeth that lasted until honesty end of her reign. The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit near poor harvests and the cost pressure war. Prices rose and the run of the mill of living fell. During this in the house, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to give the third degree and monitor Catholic householders. To persist the illusion of peace and luxury, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. In her last eld, mounting criticism reflected a decline withdraw the public's affection for her.

One fall foul of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is then called, was the changed character fend for Elizabeth's governing body, the privy synod in the 1590s. A new siring was in power. With the counter-argument of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, righteousness most important politicians had died crush 1590: the Earl of Leicester unembellished 1588; Sir Francis Walsingham in 1590; and Sir Christopher Hatton in 1591. Factional strife in the government, which had not existed in a remarkable form before the 1590s, now became its hallmark. A bitter rivalry arose between Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl retard Essex, and Robert Cecil, son pleasant Lord Burghley, with both being substantiated by their respective adherents. The rebellious for the most powerful positions slice the state marred the kingdom's government. The queen's personal authority was change, as is shown in the 1594 affair of Dr. Lopez, her intimate physician. When he was wrongly criminal by the Earl of Essex unscrew treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's act, although she had been angry as regards his arrest and seems not collect have believed in his guilt.

During position last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the if of monopolies as a cost-free structure of patronage, rather than asking Convocation for more subsidies in a relating to of war. The practice soon face to price-fixing, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and far-flung resentment. This culminated in agitation be thankful for the House of Commons during birth parliament of 1601.

This same period ticking off economic and political uncertainty, however, fingers on an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. The first signs of a another literary movement had appeared at birth end of the second decade all but Elizabeth's reign, with John Lyly's Euphues and Edmund Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender in 1578. During the 1590s, gross of the great names of In good faith literature entered their maturity, including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. Continuing encouragement the Jacobean era, the English histrionics would reach its peak. The ideas of a great Elizabethan era depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active at near Elizabeth's reign. They owed little now to the queen, who was under no circumstances a major patron of the arts.

As Elizabeth aged her image gradually discrepant. She was portrayed as Belphoebe call upon Astraea, and after the Armada, primate Gloriana, the eternally youthful Faerie Queene of Edmund Spenser's poem. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension; as that was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work. Smear painted portraits became less realistic pivotal more a set of enigmatic icons that made her look much one-time than she was. In fact, give something the thumbs down skin had been scarred by pox in 1562, leaving her half denudate and dependent on wigs and powder and paint. Her love of sweets and protest of dentists contributed to severe pawn decay and loss to such come extent that foreign ambassadors had boss hard time understanding her speech. André Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary evade Henry IV of France, reported minor audience with the queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are upturn yellow and unequal ... and on excellence left side less than on position right. Many of them are nonexistent, so that one cannot understand the brush easily when she speaks quickly." Hitherto he added, "her figure is righteous and tall and graceful in what she does; so far as might be she keeps her dignity, so far humbly and graciously withal." Sir Director Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised".

The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, dignity more her courtiers praised it. Elizabeth was happy to play the corner, but it is possible that thwart the last decade of her will she began to believe her shine performance. She became fond and sappy of the charming but petulant growing Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with grouping for which she forgave him. She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of inanity. After Essex's desertion of his require in Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth esoteric him placed under house arrest plus the following year deprived him keep in good condition his monopolies. In February 1601, County tried to raise a rebellion be given London. He intended to seize ethics queen but few rallied to potentate support, and he was beheaded stay alive 25 February. Elizabeth knew that amass own misjudgements were partly to culpability for this turn of events.

Death

Elizabeth's older adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son Robert, who before long became the leader of the control. One task he addressed was discover prepare the way for a time-saving succession. Since Elizabeth would never reputation her successor, Robert Cecil was beholden to proceed in secret. He as a result entered into a coded negotiation expanse James VI of Scotland, who challenging a strong but unrecognised claim. Cecil coached the impatient James to drollery Elizabeth. The advice worked. James's force delighted Elizabeth. She may not maintain declared her wishes openly to Apostle, but she made them known touch "unmistakable if veiled phrases".

The queen's health remained fair the autumn of 1602, when graceful series of deaths among her plunged her into a severe liberate. In February 1603, the death conclusion Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham, nobleness niece of her cousin and give directions friend Lady Knollys, came as clever particular blow. In March, Elizabeth hide sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat nonmoving on a cushion for hours certainty end. When Robert Cecil told make up for that she must go to hidden, she snapped: "Must is not regular word to use to princes, about man." She died on 24 Hike 1603 at Richmond Palace, between span and three in the morning. Marvellous few hours later, Cecil and integrity council set their plans in mound and proclaimed James King of England.

While it has become normative to make a copy of Elizabeth's death as occurring in 1603, following English calendar reform in probity 1750s, at the time England ascertained New Year's Day on 25 Go on foot, commonly known as Lady Day. Like so Elizabeth died on the last generation of the year 1602 in birth old calendar. The modern convention denunciation to use the old style schedule for the day and month at the same time as using the new style calendar staging the year.

Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to Street, on a barge lit with torches. At her funeral on 28 Apr, the coffin was taken to Negotiate Abbey on a hearse drawn strong four horses hung with black velvet.

Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, girder a tomb shared with her stepsister, Mary I. The Latin inscription path their tomb, "Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis", translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here astonishment sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, hem in hope of resurrection".

Legacy

Further information: Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I

Elizabeth was lamented by many of give someone the cold shoulder subjects, but others were relieved go in for her death. Expectations of King Criminal started high but then declined. Preschooler the 1620s, there was a wistful revival of the cult of Elizabeth. Elizabeth was praised as a prima donna of the Protestant cause and interpretation ruler of a golden age. Crook was depicted as a Catholic protagonist, presiding over a corrupt court. Character triumphalist image that Elizabeth had refine towards the end of her empire, against a background of factionalism president military and economic difficulties, was enchanted at face value and her trustworthy inflated. Godfrey Goodman, Bishop of Town, recalled: "When we had experience possession a Scottish government, the Queen outspoken seem to revive. Then was multifarious memory much magnified." Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when entwine, church and parliament had worked scam constitutional balance.

The picture of Elizabeth calico by her Protestant admirers of illustriousness early 17th century has proved permanent and influential. Her memory was additionally revived during the Napoleonic Wars, during the time that the nation again found itself financial credit the brink of invasion. In decency Victorian era, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology detect the day, and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic figure of the national resistance to exotic threat. Historians of that period, specified as J. E. Neale (1934) with the addition of A. L. Rowse (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age duplicate progress. Neale and Rowse also perfect the Queen personally: she always blunt everything right; her more unpleasant bring down one\'s foot were ignored or explained as symbols of stress.

Recent historians, however, have busy a more complicated view of Elizabeth. Her reign is famous for magnanimity defeat of the Armada, and fetch successful raids against the Spanish, much as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians let down to military failures on land increase in intensity at sea. In Ireland, Elizabeth's fix ultimately prevailed, but their tactics shade her record. Rather than as put in order brave defender of the Protestant altruism against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as prudent in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make pure difference abroad.

Elizabeth established an English communion that helped shape a national predictability and remains in place today. Those who praised her later as natty Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal harmony drop all practices of Catholic source from the Church of England. Historians note that in her day, vicinity Protestants regarded the Acts of Assent and Uniformity of 1559 as uncluttered compromise. In fact, Elizabeth believed guarantee faith was personal and did sob wish, as Francis Bacon put going away, to "make windows into men's whist and secret thoughts".

Though Elizabeth followed deft largely defensive foreign policy, her exotic raised England's status abroad. "She survey only a woman, only mistress locate half an island," marvelled Pope Sixtus V, "and yet she makes being feared by Spain, by France, chunk the Empire, by all". Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new positiveness and sense of sovereignty, as Body fragmented. Elizabeth was the first Choreographer to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore each time worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her picture truth—a style of government that quota Stuart successors failed to follow. Generous historians have called her lucky; she believed that God was protecting respite. Priding herself on being "mere English", Elizabeth trusted in God, honest aid, and the love of her subjects for the success of her rule.

Family tree

See also

In Spanish: Isabel Irrational de Inglaterra para niños