Double grammy for ravi shankar biography

Ravi Shankar

Indian musician and sitar player (1920–2012)

For other people named Ravi Shankar, gaze Ravi Shankar (disambiguation).

Ravi Shankar (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈrobiˈʃɔŋkor]; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,[2] sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury;[3] 7 Apr 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian sitarist and composer. Adroit sitar virtuoso, he became the world's best-known expert of Indian classical congregation (in Sitar) in the second hemisphere of the 20th century,[4] and upset many musicians in India and from one place to another the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999. He is also description father of American singer Norah Designer.

Shankar was born to a Magadhan family[5][6] in India,[7] and spent youth as a dancer touring Bharat and Europe with the dance label of his brother Uday Shankar. Contest age 18, he gave up diversion to pursue a career in melody, studying the sitar for seven mature under court musician Allauddin Khan. Make something stand out finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating ethics music for the Apu Trilogy insensitive to Satyajit Ray, and was music president of All India Radio, New Metropolis, from 1949 to 1956. He was nominated for the Academy Award cheerfulness Best Original Score for scoring decency blockbuster Gandhi (1982).

In 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and excellence Americas playing Indian classical music suffer increased its popularity there in distinction 1960s through teaching, performance, and potentate association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin instruct Beatles guitarist George Harrison. His cogency on Harrison helped popularize the active of Indian instruments in Western stop music in the latter half show the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western harmony by writing compositions for sitar advocate orchestra and toured the world demand the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as unblended nominated member of Rajya Sabha, illustriousness upper chamber of the Parliament precision India. He continued to perform depending on the end of his life. Soil was a recipient of numerous significant musical accolades, including a Polar Sonata Prize and four Grammy Awards, counting Album of the Year for The Concert for Bangladesh in 1973.

Early life

Shankar was born on 7 Apr 1920 in Benares (now Varanasi), fortify the capital of the eponymous huge state, in a Bengali Hindu kinsfolk, as the youngest of seven brothers.[3][8][9] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Middle Temple barrister and pupil who was originally from Jessore resident in Bengal (now Narail district, Bangladesh). A respected statesman, lawyer and mp, he served for several years by reason of dewan (Prime Minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used the Sanskrit spelling attain the family name and removed betrayal last part.[3][10] Shyam was married cap Hemangini Devi who hailed from uncut small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares and her father was a rich landlord. Shyam later worked as unmixed lawyer in London, England,[3] and up he married a second time exhaustively Devi raised Shankar in Benares current did not meet his son undecided he was eight years old.[3]

Shankar abridged the Sanskrit version of his cap name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".[3] Shankar had five siblings: Uday (who became a choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended significance Bengalitola High School in Benares in the middle of 1927 and 1928.[11]

At the age commentary 10, after spending his first decennium in Benares, Shankar went to Town with the dance group of top brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[12][13] By primacy age of 13 he had perceive a member of the group, attended its members on tour and acute to dance, and play various Soldier instruments.[8][9] Uday's dance group travelled Continent and the United States in nobility early to mid-1930s and Shankar sage French, discovered Western classical music, talk, cinema and became acquainted with Ghost story customs.[14] Shankar heard Allauddin Khan – the lead musician at the stare at of the princely state of Maihar – play at a music convention in December 1934 in Calcutta, captain Uday persuaded the Maharaja of Maihar H.H. Maharaja Brijnath singh Judev play a part 1935 to allow Khan to turning his group's soloist for a excursion of Europe.[14] Shankar was sporadically expert by Khan on tour, and Caravansary offered Shankar training to become tidy serious musician under the condition range he abandon touring and come have an effect on Maihar.[14]

Career

Training and work in India

Shankar's parents had died by the time unwind returned from the Europe tour, accept touring the West had become raining because of political conflicts that would lead to World War II.[15] Shankar gave up his dancing career outward show 1938 to go to Maihar captivated study Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family overload the traditional gurukul system.[12] Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar esoteric training on sitar and surbahar, discerning ragas and the musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was categorical the techniques of the instruments rudra veena, rubab, and sursingar.[12][16] He over and over again studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi.[15] Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar reach December 1939 and his debut fair was a jugalbandi (duet) with Caliph Akbar Khan, who played the record instrument sarod.[17]

Shankar completed his training shoulder 1944.[8] He moved to Mumbai avoid joined the Indian People's Theatre Club, for whom he composed music convey ballets in 1945 and 1946, Dharti Ke Lal, 1946.[8][18] Shankar recomposed rectitude music for the popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the dawn on of 25.[19][20] He began to commit to paper music for HMV India and stirred as a music director for Yell India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, suffer the loss of February 1949 until January 1956.[8] Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra have doubts about AIR and composed for it; incline his compositions he combined Western extra classical Indian instrumentation.[21] Beginning in nobility mid-1950s he composed the music commandeer the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Anarchy, which became internationally acclaimed.[9][22] He was music director for several Hindi cinema including Godaan and Anuradha.[23]

1956–1969: International performances

V. K. Narayana Menon, director of Climate Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's premier visit to India in 1952.[24] Shankar had performed as part of unornamented cultural delegation in the Soviet Undividedness in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in Pristine York City for a demonstration run through Indian classical music, sponsored by rendering Ford Foundation.[25][26][a]

Shankar heard about the and more response Khan received and resigned get out of AIR in 1956 to tour primacy United Kingdom, Germany, and the Unified States.[28] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian strain, incorporating ragas from the South IndianCarnatic music in his performances, and factual his first LP albumThree Ragas spartan London, released in 1956.[28] In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations admire the 10th anniversary of the Banded together Nations and UNESCO music festival principal Paris.[18] From 1961, he toured Collection, the United States, and Australia, last became the first Indian to create music for non-Indian films.[18][b] Shankar supported the Kinnara School of Music pimple Mumbai in 1962.[29]

Shankar befriended Richard Lager, founder of World Pacific Records, salvage his first American tour and canned most of his albums in birth 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label.[28]The Byrds recorded at the same atelier and heard Shankar's music, which nononsense them to incorporate some of wear smart clothes elements in theirs, introducing the ilk to their friend George Harrison cataclysm the Beatles.[30][31] In 1967, Shankar utter a well-received set at the Town Pop Festival.[32][33][34] While complimentary of description talents of several of the tremble artists at the festival, he alleged he was "horrified" to see Jimi Hendrix set fire to his bass on stage:[35] "That was too undue for me. In our culture, astonishment have such respect for musical machinery, they are like part of God."[36] Shankar's live album from Monterey feeble at number 43 on Billboard's jut LPs chart in the US, which remains the highest placing he accomplished on that chart.[37]

Shankar won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Tv show for West Meets East, a benefit with Yehudi Menuhin.[38][39][40] He opened excellent Western branch of the Kinnara Educational institution of Music in Los Angeles, terminate May 1967, and published an life story, My Music, My Life, in 1968.[18][29] In 1968, he composed the best ever for the film Charly.

He model at the Woodstock Festival in Lordly 1969, and found he disliked leadership venue.[39] In the late 1960s, Shankar distanced himself from the hippie momentum and drug culture.[41] He explained through an interview:

It makes me command somebody to rather hurt when I see loftiness association of drugs with our song. The music to us is belief. The quickest way to reach religiousness is through music. I don't on the topic of the association of one bad ruin with the music.[42]

1970–2012: International performances

In Oct 1970, Shankar became chair of class Department of Indian Music of greatness California Institute of the Arts tail previously teaching at the City Faculty of New York, the University pass judgment on California, Los Angeles, and being boarder lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College honor Music.[18][43][44] In late 1970, the Writer Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to element of a concerto with sitar. Concerto rationalize Sitar & Orchestra was performed reap André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[9][45][c] Shankar performed uncertain the Concert for Bangladesh in Venerable 1971, held at Madison Square Grounds in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage perform over a minute, the crowd wait rock-music fans broke into applause, bring under control which the amused Shankar responded, "If you like our tuning so undue, I hope you will enjoy say publicly playing more." which confused the interview. Still, the audience well received decency subsequent performance.[47] Although interest in Asian music had decreased in the initially 1970s, the live album from position concert became one of the favourable recordings to feature the genre settle down won Shankar a second Grammy Award.[40][44]

As for Shankar and the sitar, they are extensions one of the irritate, each seeming to enter into grandeur other's soul in one of magnanimity world's supreme musical arts. It review a thing inimitable, beyond words distinguished forever new. For, as Shankar explained, 90 percent of all the sonata played was improvised.

 – Paul Philosopher, music editor for Washington Post[48]

In Nov and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined natty North American tour with George Histrion. The demanding schedule weakened his volatile, and he suffered a heart set about in Chicago, causing him to forgo a portion of the tour.[49][d] Histrion, Shankar and members of the band visited the White House redirect invitation of John Gardner Ford, prophet of US president Gerald Ford.[50] Shankar toured and taught for the relic of the 1970s and the Eighties and released his second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted by Zubin Mehta, barred enclosure 1981.[51][52][53] Shankar was nominated for eminence Academy Award for Best Original Penalisation Score for his work on dignity 1982 movie Gandhi.[e]

He performed in Moscow in 1988,[55][56] with 140 musicians, inclusive of the Russian Folk Ensemble and comrades of the Moscow Philharmonic, along buy and sell his own group of Indian musicians.[55]

He served as a member of magnanimity Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber persuade somebody to buy the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Grade a Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[20][57] Shankar composed excellence dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989.[29] Top liberal views on musical co-operation downcast him to contemporary composer Philip Abridge, with whom he released an medium, Passages, in 1990,[12] in a activity initiated by Peter Baumann of justness band Tangerine Dream.

Because of birth positive response to Shankar's 1996 occupation compilation In Celebration, Shankar wrote neat second autobiography, Raga Mala.[58] He unabated between 25 and 40 concerts from time to time year during the late 1990s.[12] Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar elect play sitar and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at University all but California, San Diego.[59][60]

He performed with Anoushka for the BBC in 1997 indulgence the Symphony Hall in Birmingham, England.[61] In the 2000s, he won neat as a pin Grammy Award for Best World Concerto Album for Full Circle: Carnegie Foyer 2000 and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her divine, Bapi: Love of My Life, encompass 2002.[40][62][f] After George Harrison's death take on 2001, Shankar performed at the Consensus for George, a celebration of Harrison's music staged at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2002.[65]

In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert,[41] nevertheless his 2011 tour included dates thud the United Kingdom.[66][67]

On 1 July 2010, at the Southbank Centre's Royal Ceremony Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, estimate sitar, performed with the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by David Murphy, which was billed the first Symphony antisocial Ravi Shankar.[g]

Collaboration with George Harrison

The Beatles' guitarist George Harrison, who was have control over introduced to Shankar's music by authority American singers Roger McGuinn and King Crosby,[70]: 113  themselves big fans of Shankar, became influenced by Shankar's music. Actor went on to help popularize Shankar and the use of Indian equipment in pop music throughout the 1960s.[71][72]Olivia Harrison explains:

When George heard Amerindian music, that really was the prompt, it was like a bell drift went off in his head. Surgical mask not only awakened a desire wrest hear more music, but also redo understand what was going on distort Indian philosophy. It was a matchless diversion.[70]: 114 

Harrison became interested in Indian exemplary music, bought a sitar and reach-me-down it to record the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)".[73] Magnify 1968, he went to India with regard to take lessons from Shankar, some disregard which were captured on film.[74] That led to Indian music being moved by other musicians and popularised picture raga rock trend.[73] As the sitar and Indian music grew in esteem, groups such as the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Byrds began using it in some of their songs.[55] The influence even extended disregard blues musicians such as Michael Linguist, who created a raga-influenced improvisation integer, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited well-fitting working title as "The Raga" while in the manner tha Bloomfield and his collaborator Nick Gravenites began to develop the idea) fail to distinguish the Butterfield Blues Band in 1966.

I think Ravi was rather captivated aback, because he was a elegant musician, and rock and roll was really out of his sphere. Oversight thought it rather amusing that Martyr took to him so much, on the other hand he and George really bonded. Ravi realised that it wasn't just expert fashion for George, that he challenging dedication. Ravi had such integrity, survive was someone to be respected, attend to at the same time huge merriment. George hadn't really met anyone famine that, and he really encouraged her majesty interest.

– Patti Boyd[70]: 119 

Harrison met Shankar in London in June 1966 abide visited India later that year help out six weeks to study sitar out of the sun Shankar in Srinagar.[20][39][75] During the drop in on, a documentary film about Shankar given name Raga was shot by Howard Property and released in 1971.[76][77] Shankar's collection with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's profusion, and decades later Ken Hunt introduce AllMusic wrote that Shankar had pass on "the most famous Indian musician look sharp the planet" by 1966.[8][39]

George Harrison smooth the charity Concert for Bangladesh beginning August 1971, in which Shankar participated.[39][78] During the 1970s, Shankar and Actor worked together again, recording Shankar Descendants & Friends in 1973 and take North America the following year in detail a mixed response after Shankar difficult to understand toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored Melody Festival from India.[79] Shankar wrote graceful second autobiography, Raga Mala, with Actor as editor.

Style and contributions

Shankar smart a style distinct from that fall for his contemporaries and incorporated influences deseed rhythm practices of Carnatic music.[12] Queen performances begin with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and performances fellow worker pulse and rapid pulse) influenced impervious to the slow and serious dhrupad ilk, followed by a section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with primacy prevalent khyal style.[12] Shankar often tight his performances with a piece elysian by the light-classical thumri genre.[12]

Shankar has been considered one of the not get enough sleep sitar players of the second divided of the 20th century.[46] He popularised performing on the bass octave end the sitar for the alap division and became known for a manifest playing style in the middle boss high registers that used quick subject short deviations of the playing dossier and his sound creation through boodle and strikes on the main live string.[12][46] Narayana Menon of The Different Grove Dictionary noted Shankar's fondness divulge rhythmic novelties, among them the clean of unconventional rhythmic cycles.[80] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar's playing uncluttered was not widely adopted and defer he was surpassed by other sitar players in the performance of tuneful passages.[46] Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for tabla playing upgrade Hindustani classical music.[46] Shankar promoted honesty jugalbandi duet concert style. Shankar not native bizarre at least 31 new ragas, as well as Nat Bhairav,[81]Ahir Lalit, Rasiya, Yaman Manjh, Gunji Kanhara, Janasanmodini, Tilak Shyam, Bairagi,[12][81]Mohan Kauns, Manamanjari, Mishra Gara, Pancham Launder Gara, Purvi Kalyan, Kameshwari, Gangeshwari, Rangeshwari, Parameshwari, Palas Kafi, Jogeshwari, Charu Kauns, Kaushik Todi, Bairagi Todi, Bhawani Bhairav, Sanjh Kalyan, Shailangi, Suranjani, Rajya Kalyan, Banjara, Piloo Banjara, Suvarna, Doga Kalyan, Nanda Dhwani, and Natacharuka (for Anoushka).[82][83] In 2011, at a concert reliable and released in 2012 as Tenth Decade in Concert: Ravi Shankar Preserve in Escondido, Shankar introduced a additional percussive sitar technique called Goonga Sitar, whereby the strings are muffled make contact with a cloth.[84]

Awards

Indian government honours

Other governmental at an earlier time academic honours

Arts awards

Other honours and tributes

  • 1997 James Parks Morton Interfaith Award
  • American frou-frou saxophonist John Coltrane named his issue Ravi Coltrane after Shankar.[104]
  • On 7 Apr 2016 (his 96th birthday), Google publicised a Google Doodle to honour fillet work.[105] Google commented: "Shankar evangelized say publicly use of Indian instruments in Epic music, introducing the atmospheric hum promote the sitar to audiences worldwide. Shankar's music popularized the fundamentals of Asian music, including raga, a melodic take the part of and widely influenced popular music sham the 1960s and 70s.".[106]
  • In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Shankar was released by India Post commemorating potentate contributions.[107]

Personal life and family

In 1941, Shankar married Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan), lassie of musician Allauddin Khan. Their mortal, Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, was born behave 1942.[16] He separated from Devi mould 1962 and continued a relationship traffic dancer Kamala Shastri, a relationship zigzag had begun in the late 1940s.[108]

An affair with Sue Jones, a Newborn York concert producer, led to excellence birth of Norah Jones in 1979.[108] He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived with Jones until 1986.

He began an affair in 1978 with married tanpura player Sukanya Rajan, whom he had known since 1972,[108] which led to the birth always their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989, he married Sukanya Rajan at Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad.[109]

Shankar's woman, Shubhendra, often accompanied him on tours.[110] He could play the sitar flourishing surbahar, but elected not to press one`s suit with a solo career. Shubhendra died eradicate pneumonia in 1992.[110]

Ananda Shankar, the prematurely fusion musician, is his nephew.

His daughter Norah Jones became a operative musician in the 2000s, winning eighter Grammy Awards in 2003[111] and whole nine Grammy Awards as of 2024.[112]

His daughter Anoushka Shankar was nominated on the side of a Grammy Award for Best False Music Album in 2003.[111] Anoushka present-day her father were both nominated bolster Best World Music Album at influence 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums.[113]

Shankar was a Hindu,[114] and a follower of the Hindu god Hanuman. Forbidden was also an "ardent devotee" pay for the Bengali Hindu saint, Sri Anandamayi Ma. Shankar used to visit Anandamayi Ma frequently and performed for bunch up on various occasions. Shankar wrote constantly his hometown, Benares (Varanasi), and wreath initial encounter with "Ma":

Varanasi anticipation the eternal abode of Lord Shivah, and one of my favorite temples is that of Lord Hanuman, rendering monkey god. The city is along with where one of the miracles meander have happened in my life took place: I met Ma Anandamayi, cool great spiritual soul. Seeing the ideal of her face and mind, Berserk became her ardent devotee. Sitting funny story home now in Encinitas, in Austral California, at the age of 88, surrounded by the beautiful greens, multicolored flowers, blue sky, clean air, concentrate on the Pacific Ocean, I often recall about all the wonderful places Comical have seen in the world. Berserk cherish the memories of Paris, Modern York, and a few other seating. But Varanasi seems to be striking in my heart![115]

Shankar was a vegetarian.[116] He wore a large diamond tauten that he said was manifested lump Sathya Sai Baba.[117] He lived unwanted items Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[118]

Shankar performed coronate final concert with daughter Anoushka act 4 November 2012 at the Row Theater in Long Beach, California.

Illness and death

On 9 December 2012, Shankar was admitted to Scripps Memorial Health centre in La Jolla, San Diego, Calif. after complaining of breathing difficulties. Subside died on 11 December 2012 tackle around 16:30 PST after undergoing soul valve replacement surgery.[119][120]

The Swara Samrat festival, organized on 5–6 January 2013 become more intense dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Calif Akbar Khan, included performances by specified musicians as Shivkumar Sharma, Birju Maharaj, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Zakir Hussain, and Girija Devi.[121]

Discography

Main article: Ravi Shankar discography

See also: List of composers who created ragas

Books

Notes

  1. ^Shankar declined to attend because of counts in his marriage, but recommended Calif Akbar Khan to play instead.[26] Caravanserai reluctantly accepted and performed with tabla (percussion) player Chatur Lal in high-mindedness Museum of Modern Art, and purify later became the first Indian pure musician to perform on American verify and record a full raga bringing off, for Angel Records.[27]
  2. ^Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla until 1962, when Alla Rakha assumed the role.[28]
  3. ^Hans Neuhoff break into Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the usage of the ensemble in this concerto as "amateurish".[46]
  4. ^In authority absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted the touring orchestra.[50]
  5. ^Shankar lost pass away John Williams' ET[54]
  6. ^Anoushka performed a masterpiece by Shankar for the 2002 Player memorial Concert for George and Shankar wrote a third concerto for sitar and orchestra for Anoushka and greatness Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.[63][64]
  7. ^This performance was taped and is available on CD.[68] Goodness website of the Ravi Shankar Base provides the information that "The sonata was written in Indian notation discredit 2010, and has been interpreted chunk his student and conductor, David Murphy."[69] The information available on the site does not explain this process disregard "interpretation" of Ravi Shankar's notation strong David Murphy, nor how Ravi Shankar's Indian notation could accommodate Western orchestral writing.

References

  1. ^"East Meets West Music & Ravi Shankar Foundation". East Meets West Descant, Inc. Ravi Shankar Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 Nov 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  2. ^Lavezzoli, Tool (2006). The Dawn of Indian Sonata in the West. A&C Black. p. 48. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefLavezzoli 2006, p. 48.
  4. ^"Ravi Shankar". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. ^The 100 Most Influential Musicians of Talented Time. Britannica Educational Publishing. October 2009. p. 224. ISBN . Archived from the creative on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  6. ^Vasudev Vasanthi (2008). Harmony 4. Pearson Education India. p. 121. ISBN . Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  7. ^"Pandit Ravi Shankar". Cultural India. Archived from righteousness original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  8. ^ abcdefHunt, Ken. "Ravi Shankar – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
  9. ^ abcdMassey 1996, p. 159.
  10. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 7.
  11. ^"Shankar, Ravi (Biography)". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from righteousness original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. ^ abcdefghijkSlawek 2001, pp. 202–203.
  13. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 55.
  14. ^ abcLavezzoli 2006, p. 50.
  15. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 51.
  16. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 52.
  17. ^Lavezzoli 2006, possessor. 53.
  18. ^ abcdefgGhosh 1983, p. 57.
  19. ^Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164.
  20. ^ abcDeb, Arunabha (26 Feb 2009). "Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts". Mint. Archived from the original laxity 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  21. ^Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, proprietor. 56.
  22. ^Schickel, Richard (12 February 2005). "The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)". Time. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  23. ^"A lesser known side of Ravi Shankar". Hindustan Times. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 Dec 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  24. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47.
  25. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57.
  26. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 58.
  27. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 58–59.
  28. ^ abcdLavezzoli 2006, p. 61.
  29. ^ abcBrockhaus, proprietor. 199.
  30. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 62.
  31. ^"Photo of Martyr Harrison and Ravi Shankar". Archived foreigner the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  32. ^"Photo of Ravi Shankar performing in late 1960s". Archived from the original on 2 Grave 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  33. ^Ravi Shankar interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  34. ^Ravi Shankar performing at the Monterey Point (June 1967)Archived 16 October 2016 impinge on the Wayback Machine, 18 min.
  35. ^video: "Jimi Hendrix Sets Guitar On Fire unbendable Monterey Pop Festival, 1967"Archived 1 Oct 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^"Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar maestro, dies"Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 12 December 2012.
  37. ^Gallo, Phil (12 Dec 2012). "Ravi Shankar's Impact on Come through Music: An Appreciation". . Archived detach from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  38. ^""West Meets East" album cover". Archived from the earliest on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  39. ^ abcdeGlass, Philip (9 Dec 2001). "George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst Ahead Great-Souled Man; Open to the Power of Unfamiliar Cultures". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original calculate 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  40. ^ abcd"Past Winners Search". National Institution of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 25 Sep 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  41. ^ abO'Mahony, John (8 June 2008). "Ravi Shankar bids Europe adieu". The Taipei Times. UK. Archived from the original pattern 23 August 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  42. ^Independent Star-News, Associated Press interview, 4 November 1967.
  43. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 56.
  44. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 66.
  45. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.
  46. ^ abcdeNeuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673.
  47. ^Associated Press (11 December 2012). "Sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar dies at 92". Canadian Broadcasting Crowded. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  48. ^Hume, Paul. "A Sensational Jam Inattentiveness with India's Ravi Shankar", Washington Post, 11 September 1968.
  49. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.
  50. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 196.
  51. ^"Photo of Ravi Shankar with conductor Zubin Mehta amusing around after a concert". Archived diverge the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  52. ^Rogers, Adam (8 August 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  53. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.
  54. ^ abPiccoli, Sean (19 Apr 2005). "Ravi Shankar remains true end up his Eastern musical ethos". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  55. ^ ab