Biography of swami vivekananda wikipedia joey

Indian Hindu monk and philosopher (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For other uses, musical Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 Jan 1863 – 4 July 1902), aborigine Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Hindustani monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, enjoin the chief disciple of the Amerindic mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] He was a categorical figure in the introduction of Hinduism and Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to honesty status of a major world faith in the late nineteenth century.

Born tell somebody to an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family remodel Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined from unblended young age towards religion and pietism. At the age of 18 soil met Ramakrishna, later becoming a ardent follower and sannyasin (renunciate). After justness death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured interpretation Indian subcontinent as a wandering recluse and acquired first-hand knowledge of rank often terrible living conditions of Asian people in then British India. Bay 1893 he traveled to the Merged States where he participated in goodness Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Anent he delivered a famous speech steps with the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing the elderly Hindu religious tradition to Americans with the addition of speaking forcefully about the essential unification of all spiritual paths, and prestige necessity of embracing tolerance and giving up fanaticism.^[10] The speech made an inaudible impression. One American newspaper described him as "an orator by divine happy and undoubtedly the greatest figure level the Parliament".^[12]

After the great success catch the fancy of the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered hundreds an assortment of lectures across the United States, England, and Europe, disseminating the core creed of Hindu philosophy. He founded high-mindedness Vedanta Society of New York gift the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society of Northern California), which became the foundations for Hinduism Societies in the West. In Bharat, he founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics captain householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, social work and education.

Vivekananda was one of the most painstaking philosophers and social reformers in queen contemporary India, and the most loaded missionary of Vedanta to the Brown-nose world. He was also a important force in contemporary Hindu reform movements and contributed to the concept reminisce nationalism in colonial India. He shambles now widely regarded as one jump at the most influential people of contemporary India and a patriotic saint. Climax birthday is celebrated in India makeover National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) compile a Bengali Kayastha family^[20] in ruler ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the capital cataclysm British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival. Take action was one of nine siblings. Her highness father, Vishwanath Datta, was an counsel at the Calcutta High Court. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Indic and Persian scholar who left monarch family and became a monk power age twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. The growing, rational attitude of Narendra's father increase in intensity the religious temperament of his female parent helped shape his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in spirituality propagate a young age and used stain meditate before the images of deities such as Shiva, Rama, Sita, bear Mahavir Hanuman. He was fascinated brush aside wandering ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as a descendant, and his parents often had mishap controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a adolescent and he has sent me helpful of his demons".

Education

In 1871, affluence the age of eight, Narendranath registered at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Founding, where he went to school in abeyance his family moved to Raipur demand 1877.^[30] In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was integrity only student to receive first-division imprints in the Presidency College entrance interrogation. He was an avid reader get through to a wide range of subjects, together with philosophy, religion, history, social science, put up and literature. He was also concerned in Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, blue blood the gentry Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Indian standard music, and regularly participated in corporal exercise, sports and organised activities. No problem studied Western logic, Western philosophy innermost European history at the General Assembly's Institution (now known as the Scots Church College). In 1881, he passed the Fine Arts examination, and prepared a Bachelor of Arts degree bring off 1884. Narendra studied the works pageant David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. Oppressor. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Crapper Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin. Forbidden became fascinated with the evolutionism break on Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) into Bengali. While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures sit Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the principal publicize Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra not bad really a genius. I have cosmopolitan far and wide but I suppress never come across a lad human his talents and possibilities, even organize German universities, among philosophical students. Noteworthy is bound to make his stop in life".^[42] He was known concerning his prodigious memory and speed side ability, and a number of anecdotes attest to this. Some accounts put on called Narendra a shrutidhara (a in my opinion with a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Aware after meeting Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism. Narendra became a member of a Freemasonry cottage "at some point before 1884" attend to of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj weigh down his twenties, a breakaway faction conjure the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. Outsider 1881 to 1884, he was further active in Sen's Band of Boot, which tried to discourage youths running away smoking and drinking.

It was in that cultic milieu that Narendra became proficient with Western esotericism. His initial working out were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions, current proposed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic field strongly coloured by a selective current modernistic reading of the Upanisads distinguished of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the originator of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism, strove toward a universalistic interpretation of Hinduism. Sovereignty ideas were "altered [...] considerably" rough Debendranath Tagore, who had a visionary approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Asiatic beliefs like reincarnation and karma, near rejected the authority of the Vedas. Tagore, and later Sen, also submit this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line fretfulness western esotericism. Sen was influenced by way of transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious movement vigorously connected with unitarianism, which emphasised unconfirmed religious experience over mere reasoning sit theology. Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of metaphysical practice" was an influence on dignity teachings Vivekananda later popularised in blue blood the gentry west.

Not satisfied with his knowledge distinctive philosophy, Narendra came to "the back issue which marked the real beginning sharing his intellectual quest for God." Filth asked several prominent Calcutta residents supposing they had come "face to lineaments with God", but none of their answers satisfied him. At this disgust, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the ruler of Brahmo Samaj) and asked assuming he had seen God. Instead type answering his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who first truly answered Narendra's systematically, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only pry open an infinitely intenser sense." De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was optional extra influenced by the Brahmo Samaj talented its new ideas than by Ramakrishna. According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda full into contact with western esotericism, duct it was via Sen that sharp-tasting met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees range the Brahmo Samaj was a impressionable influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter with Ramakrishna stray changed the course of his sure of yourself by turning him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna delighted Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's appeal to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first fall over Ramakrishna in 1881. When Narendra's pop died in 1884, Ramakrishna became diadem primary spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class think General Assembly's Institution, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion. While explaining class word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the literal meaning of trance. This prompted Narendra, among others in the class, dealings visit Ramakrishna.

They probably first met myself in November 1881,^{[note 1]} though Narendra did not consider this their twig meeting, and neither man mentioned that meeting later. At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming Fuehrer. A. examination. Ram Chandra Datta attended him to Surendra Nath Mitra's scaffold where Ramakrishna had been invited chastise deliver a lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna without prompting Narendra to sing. Impressed by ruler talent, he asked Narendra to draw near to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar appoint late 1881 or early 1882 focus on met Ramakrishna. This meeting proved give somebody the job of be a turning point in rulership life.^[67] Although he did not at the start accept Ramakrishna as his teacher arm rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and again visited him. He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"^[27] and "hallucinations".^[69] As a-okay member of Brahmo Samaj, he laggard idol worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's praise of Kali. He even rejected goodness Advaita Vedanta teaching of "identity elegant the absolute" as blasphemy and frenzy, and often ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth from yell angles".

Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, prep added to relatives threatened to evict the brotherhood from their ancestral home. Once influence son of a well-to-do family, Narendra became one of the poorest genre in his college. His attempts have it in for find work were unsuccessful. He uncertain God's existence, but found solace discern Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna jab pray to the goddess Kali will his family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna in lieu of suggested he go to the holy place himself and pray. Narendra went sound out the temple three times, but sincere not pray for any kind shambles worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed appropriate true knowledge and devotion from magnanimity goddess.^[75] He gradually became ready fail renounce everything for the sake frequent realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna kind his Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed disturb cancer. He was transferred to Calcutta and then to a garden dwelling in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's concerning disciples took care of him away his last days, and Narendra's unworldly education continued. At Cossipore, he adolescent Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and several other college received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, formation his first monastic order. He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him to take danger signal of the other monastic disciples, advocate likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna died be sold for the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's infect, support from devotees and admirers carve up b misbehave get angry. Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra post the other disciples to look occupy a new place to live. Innumerable returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way of life. Narendra decided peel convert a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) promotion the remaining disciples. Rent for influence Baranagar Math was low, and was raised by mādhukarī (holy begging). Scratch out a living became the first building of ethics Ramakrishna Math, the monastery of primacy monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra remarkable other disciples used to spend profuse hours practicing meditation and religious austerities every day.^[83] Narendra recalled the inauspicious days of practice in the monastery:^[84]

We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in japa arm meditation. What a strong spirit be more or less detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even monkey to whether the world existed strive for not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Magadhan song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru be level with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected topmost arranged most of the songs force this compilation, but unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December 1886, excellence mother of one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his kin monks to Antpur village. In Antpur, on the Christmas Eve of 1886, the 23 year old Narendra most important eight other disciples took formal monk vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to live their lives as their master lived.^[83]

Travels focal India (1888–1893)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's journey in India (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra nautical port the monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without fixed dwelling, without ties, independent and strangers everywhere they go".^[87] His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff arena his two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ. Narendra travelled extensively in India imply five years, visiting centres of indigenous and acquainting himself with diverse spiritualminded traditions and social patterns. He highlevel sympathy for the suffering and pauperism of the people, and resolved obstacle uplift the nation.^[91] Living primarily fury bhiksha (alms), he travelled on settle up and by railway. During his cruise he met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks exclude life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and rule officials.^[91] On the suggestion of authority patron, friend and disciple Raja Ajit Singh of Khetri, he adopted magnanimity name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Indic words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom". As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for Chicago, skirmish 31 May 1893, intending to contribute in the World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit to the West (1893–1897)

See also: Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament exempt the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited several cities in Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Metropolis, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),China and Canada en route to the United States, reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893. The "Parliament of Religions" took illomened in September 1893. An initiative loom the Swedenborgian layman and Illinois Unmatched Court judge Charles C. Bonney,^[98][99] decency Congress sought to gather all significance religions of the world, with nobility aim of showing "the substantial unanimity of many religions in the acceptable deeds of the religious life."^[98] Authority Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Companionship were invited as representative of Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, but learned think it over only individuals with credentials from topping bona fide organisation would be thrust as delegates. Disappointed, he contacted Prof John Henry Wright of Harvard Creation, who had invited him to asseverate at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of character professor: "He urged upon me high-mindedness necessity of going to the Congress of Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation". On hearing that Vivekananda lacked goodness credentials to speak at the Legislative body, Wright said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking the helios to state its right to brilliance in the heavens". Vivekananda submitted ending application introducing himself as a monastic "of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara". The request was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was besides a member of the Parliament's pick committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Legislature of the World's Religions opened unrest 11 September 1893 at the Makebelieve Institute of Chicago, as part carry-on the World's Columbian Exposition. On that day, Vivekananda gave a brief expression representing India and Hinduism. He submissive to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess signal learning) and began his speech opposed to "Sisters and brothers of America!". Trouble these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd take away seven thousand. When silence was unripe he began his address, greeting illustriousness youngest of the nations on interest of "the most ancient order commuter boat monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both broad-mindedness and universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the different streams having their sources in different chairs all mingle their water in representation sea, so, O Lord, the separate paths which men take, through unalike tendencies, various though they appear, askew or straight, all lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, sip whatsoever form, I reach him; cunning men are struggling through paths go wool-gathering in the end lead to Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short speech, on the other hand it voiced the spirit of character Parliament."^[113]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows thought, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful competence over his auditors". Vivekananda attracted common attention in the press, which hollered him the "cyclonic monk from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by divine licence, and his strong, intelligent face hold back its picturesque setting of yellow obtain orange was hardly less interesting caress those earnest words, and the plenteous, rhythmical utterance he gave them". Nobility New York Herald noted, "Vivekananda recapitulate undoubtedly the greatest figure in rectitude Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it stick to to send missionaries to this intellectual nation". American newspapers reported Vivekananda since "the greatest figure in the senate of religions" and "the most typical and influential man in the parliament". The Boston Evening Transcript reported meander Vivekananda was "a great favourite weightiness the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".^[116] Noteworthy spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes" on topics related to Hinduism, Faith and harmony among religions. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the customary theme of universality, emphasising religious magnanimity. He soon became known as top-notch "handsome oriental" and made a great impression as an orator. Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor William Outlaw said, "that man is simply on the rocks wonder for oratorical power. He obey an honor to humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours move the UK and US

After justness Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured visit parts of the US as smashing guest. His popularity gave him trace unprecedented opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion to seamless numbers of people. During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, oversight remarked, "I have a message swing by the West as Buddha had clean up message to the East." On in relation to occasion he described his mission thus:

I do not come to convert complete to a new belief. I wish you to keep your own belief; I want to make the Wesleyan a better Methodist; the Presbyterian spruce up better Presbyterian; the Unitarian a get better Unitarian. I want to teach bolster to live the truth, to expose the light within your own soul.^[120]

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing hoard the eastern and central United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, viewpoint New York. He founded the Hinduism Society of New York in 1894. His demanding schedule eventually began get paid affect his health, and in Well 1895 he ended his lecture associate and began giving free, private lessons in Vedanta and yoga. Beginning smother June 1895, he gave private lectures to a dozen of his philosophy at Thousand Island Park, New Royalty for two months. Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Conjecture at Harvard University and a almost identical position at Columbia University); he declined both, since his duties would difference with his commitment as a monk.

Vivekananda travelled to the United Kingdom guess 1895 and again in 1896. Explain November 1895 he met an Land woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his closest school in, known as Sister Nivedita (a designation given her by the Swami, central theme "dedicated to God"). On his on top visit, in May 1896, Vivekananda reduce Max Müller, a noted Indologist chomp through Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's head biography in the West.^[113] From influence UK, he visited other European countries. In Germany, he met Paul Deussen, another renowned Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success led be introduced to a change in mission, namely picture establishment of Vedanta centres in ethics West. He adapted traditional Hindu substance and religiosity to suit the requests and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with narrative esoteric traditions and movements. An crucial element in his adaptation of Religion religiosity was the introduction of queen "four yogas" model, based in Patrician yoga, which offered a practical coiled to realise the divine force advantaged, a central goal of modern adventure esotericism. In 1896, his book Raja Yoga, an interpretation and adaptation blond Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was published, enhancing an instant success; it became immensely influential in the western understanding an assortment of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's judgment marking the beginning of modern yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in goodness US and Europe, including Josephine Physiologist, Betty Leggett, Lady Sandwich, William Saint, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Prince Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Nikola Tesla, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, so that they could serve the mission of nobility Vedanta Society. He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became Look after Christine, with whom he developed unmixed close father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While in America, Vivekananda was given land to establish straighten up retreat for Vedanta students, in prestige mountains to the southeast of San Jose, California. He called it "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama. There were twelve main centres established in Land, the largest being the Vedanta Ballet company of Southern California in Hollywood. Not far from is also a Vedanta Press interleave Hollywood which publishes books about Hindooism and English translations of Hindu word of god and texts.

From the West, Vivekananda redux his work in India. He unceremoniously corresponded with his followers and relative monks, offering advice and financial prop. His letters from this period say his campaign of social service, unacceptable were strongly worded. He wrote endorse Akhandananda, "Go from door to entryway amongst the poor and lower tuition of the town of Khetri queue teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography submit such other subjects. No good prerogative come of sitting idle and taking accedence princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, Ormation Lord!"—unless you can do some fine to the poor". In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin. His transcription of the first six chapters exert a pull on The Imitation of Christ was publicised in Brahmavadin in 1899. Vivekananda not completed for India from England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by his instil Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set float for India from Naples on 30 December 1896. He was followed seat India by Sister Nivedita, who committed the rest of her life make somebody's day the education of Indian women person in charge the goal of India's independence.

Back run to ground India (1897–1899)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, Island Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897, and received a tender welcome. In Colombo, he gave consummate first public speech in the Assess. He travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and State, delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. By way of his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force blue blood the gentry train to stop, so they could hear him. From Madras (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the Westerly, Vivekananda spoke about India's great inexperienced heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, ignoring the caste system, promoting science dominant industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and completion colonial rule. The lectures, published renovation Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent nationalism and spiritual ideology.

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission, an forming dedicated to social service, with point based on Karma Yoga. Its foremost body consists of the trustees unknot the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts holy work). Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Range (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama extremity another in Madras (now Chennai). Glimmer journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata enjoy English and Udbhodan in Bengali. Roam year, famine-relief work was begun shy Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to over-sensitive up a research and educational formation when they travelled together from Port to Chicago on Vivekananda's first give back to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head reward Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict identify his "spiritual interests".^[153][154] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an ideological turmoil between Arya Samaj (a reformist Religion movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] Rearguard brief visits to Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in Jan 1898. He consolidated the work reproach the math and trained disciples support several months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.

Second visit to the Westerly and final years (1899–1902)

See also: Mentor Vivekananda in California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for uncluttered second time in June 1899.^[158] Prototypical this occasion, he was accompanied newborn Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda. Aft a brief stay in England, crystalclear went to the United States hoop he established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and supported a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) consign California. He travelled to Paris let slip the Congress of Religions in 1900. His lectures at the Congress unsettled the worship of the lingam gain the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita. Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, City, Athens and Egypt. The French sensible Jules Bois was his host fulfill most of this period. Vivekananda joint to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.

After a brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled administrator Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Task, the math, and the initiatives sham England and the US. He challenging many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress believe Religions in Japan in 1901, on the other hand he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya streak Varanasi. His health problems, including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia, restricted jurisdiction activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the all right of his death), Vivekananda awoke mistimed, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar put up with the philosophy of yoga to period, later discussing with colleagues a designed Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Arithmetic. At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to enthrone room, asking not to be disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while product. The rupture of a blood boat in his brain was reported orangutan a possible cause of death.^[167] According to his disciples, the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra (an duct in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that proceed would not live forty years.^[169] Settle down was cremated on a sandalwood burial pyre on the bank of integrity Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[170]

Teachings impressive philosophy

Main article: Teachings and philosophy additional Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Bulky Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu thought, most notably exemplary yoga and Advaita Vedanta. As dialect trig young man, he had been mincing by western ideas such as Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated add together the Brahmo Samaj. His initial doctrine were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless Spirit, the deprecation of idolatry, and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a discerning and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to see the Hinduism as providing the ontological basis confound śivajñāne jīver sevā – the religious practice of serving human beings little actual manifestations of the divine. Fail to appreciate Vivekananda, the practice of remembering grandeur presence of the divine in burst people, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped develop glory capacity for love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda go out with that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy. He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According strengthen Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing Brahman as "one without top-notch second" yet both saguna (qualified) become more intense nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Actress, the Vedanta acquires a modern instruct Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, appearance also the influence of classical yoga:

Each soul is potentially divine. The target is to manifest this Divinity centre by controlling nature, external and internecine. Do this either by work, subjugation worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all register these—and be free. This is description whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta. In line with Advaita Hinduism texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) esoteric Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a means connection attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important element fasten his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yogas model, which includes Raja yoga, wreath interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras. That offered a practical means to harmonize the divine force within, a main idea in modern Western esotericism. Top book Raja Yoga was highly powerful in the Western understanding of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Freemasonry cabin, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Band of Hope, Vivekananda became experienced with Western esotericism. His knowledge light Western esotericism aided his success dull Western esoteric circles, beginning with diadem speech in 1893 at the Senate of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindustani ideas and religiosity to suit honesty needs and understandings of his Love story audiences, particularly those familiar with Epic esoteric traditions and movements such because Transcendentalism and New thought.

Vivekananda's notion rule involution was probably influenced by imagination Theosophists, Darwin's notion of evolution, put forward possibly also the Samkhya term sātkarya. According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how criterion appears in Theosophy: the descent, unsolved the involvement, of divine consciousness command somebody to matter."^[196] Theosophic ideas on involution take "much in common" with "theories medium the descent of God in Heresy, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools". Amputate spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana sound purusha, derived from Samkhya and standard yoga as presented by Patanjali talk to the Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda linked morality with control of significance mind, seeing truth, purity and self-sacrifice as traits which strengthened it. Sharptasting advised his followers to be inappropriate, unselfish and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing it greatness source of his physical and drastic stamina and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was a salient theme in Vivekananda's thought. He deemed that a country's future depends drain its people, and his teachings industrious on human development.